BIOL 1543 1st Edition Exam #3 Study Guide Lecture 12-15 InheritanceWhat is the study of heredity?GeneticsWhat are three reasons that Mendel used pea plants?easy to grow, easy to distinguish the different varieties, and very easy to have strict control over fertilizationGenes are the units that determine what?heritable traitsMendel’s Law of Segregation, based on a monohybrid cross, proposes:For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent.If the two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism’s appearance and is called the dominant allele.The other allele has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance and is called the recessive allele.It predicts that allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes.Using “D” to represent a dominant allele and “d” to represent a recessive allele, know each of the following:Homozygous dominant _DD__Homozygous recessive _dd__These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Heterozygous __Dd__Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment states:Alleles of a pair segregate independently of other allele pairs during gamete formation.Genes are located on what?chromosomesWhat does The Rule of multiplication state?that a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities.What can be used to determine individual genotypes?Human traitsAn individual that is heterozygous for a recessive gene that predisposes for heredity division is called what?a carrierKnow the following information on the two dominant genetic disorders:Achondroplasia:Homozygous dominant results in: deathHeterozygous results in: dwarfism/carrierHomozygous recessive results in: normalHuntington’s disease:A degeneration of the nervous systemWhat is incorrect about the following statement?: The most frequentlyoccurring and desirable traits are expressed by a dominant allele.Not always desirableIn order to get a genotypic evaluation, expecting parents undergo what kind of test?Identifying Carriers testThe 2 invasive forms of fetal testing are:Amniocentesis - remove some fluid from the uterus to test(CVS) Choriojicdillous sampling - testing the placenta(both look at genotype)Fetal imaging is what?ultrasound imaging that uses sound waves to produce a picture of the fetus. (looks at phenotype)Newborn screening often includes tests for phenylketonuria, which is caused by an inability to break down phenylalanine. If undetected, this can lead to death.Know these terms and an example of each:Incomplete dominance - When an offspring’s phenotype is in-between the phenotypes of its parentsExample being: resulting pink flower from a cross breed of red and white because red is not completely dominantCodominance- Many genes have more than two alleles in the populationExample: ABO blood typePolygenic inheritance- one characteristic is determined by more than one genepoly= many genic= genes example: skin colorPleiotrophy - A single gene that effects several characteristicsExample: in the sweet pea plant one gene controls, flower color, seed color and whether or not it has spotsA phenotype can be affected by what two factors?genetic and environmentalWhy do sex-linked disorders mostly affect males?Because there is only one X chromosome for the sex-linked disorder to be on, so there is less of a chance that they don’t get the disorder.List the 2 examples of sex-linked disorders:Red-green color blindness and Hemophilia Lecture 13DNA Technology & VariationExplain the differences between identical and fraternal twins:Identical = one egg/one sperm, same genotype and phenotype fraternal = 2 egg/2 sperm, diff. genotype and phenotypeDNA FINGERPRINTING DOES NOT WORK ON IDENTICAL TWINSApplications for genetic engineering include:I.Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants J. Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste K. Protein used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy L. Protein used to make snow form at higher temperature Organisms used to mass-produce genetic material include what?bacteria, yeast, and non-human mammalsTPA=__ Tissue plasminogen activator___=__clot busterTPA = tissue plasmogen activator = thrombolytic drugs (which is a clot buster)First Recombinant drug approved by FDA was what?Humulin (or Human insulin)What is a vaccine?medicine used to provide immunity to a particular diseasePCR (polymerase chain reaction) is what?A method used to amplify the amount of DNA sequences for analysisWhat is a genome?the total genetic content in a haploid set of chromosomes The science of comparing whole genomes is called what?The science of genomicsWhat is proteomics?the study of the proteins produced by a genomeWhy are proteonomics more complicated than genomics?-One organism has radically different protein production in different areas in the body-Same organisms proteins differ in different life stages-Different environmental conditions will produce different proteinsBenefits of biotechnology in agriculture include:- increased crop productivity - enhanced crop protection (resistance to pests) - improvements in food processing - improved nutritional value - better flavor - fresher produce - environmental benefits (reduced possible use of pesticides) Risks of biotechnology in agriculture include:- allergens and toxins - antibiotic resistance can occur - potential gene escape - impact on non-target species (other crops can be effected)- insecticide resistance - loss of biodiversity (lose different varieties of organisms) What is the only source of brand new alleles?mutationSome variations are neutral. Meaning?They provide no advantage or disadvantage.MRSA: Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus nosocomial: hospitalWhat are the primary causes of MRSA?- excessive and unnecessary use of antibiotics - antibiotics in food and water - germ mutation What are the risk factors for community associated?- young age - participating in contact sports - sharing towels or athletic equipment - living in crowded or unsanitary conditions - association with healthcare workers What are the risk factors for nosocomial infections?- A current or resent hospitalization - If you reside in a Long Term care facility - Invasive devises (such as an indwelling IV tube) - recent antibiotic use Lecture 14Intro to Evolution & Natural SelectionWhat are imprints, or remains of organisms that lived in the