BIOL 1543 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lecture 12 15 Inheritance What is the study of heredity Genetics What are three reasons that Mendel used pea plants easy to grow easy to distinguish the different varieties and very easy to have strict control over fertilization Genes are the units that determine what heritable traits Mendel s Law of Segregation based on a monohybrid cross proposes For each characteristic an organism inherits two alleles one from each parent If the two alleles of an inherited pair differ then one determines the organism s appearance and is called the dominant allele The other allele has no noticeable effect on the organism s appearance and is called the recessive allele It predicts that allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes Using D to represent a dominant allele and d to represent a recessive allele know each of the following Homozygous dominant DD Homozygous recessive dd These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Heterozygous Dd Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment states Alleles of a pair segregate independently of other allele pairs during gamete formation Genes are located on what chromosomes What does The Rule of multiplication state that a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities What can be used to determine individual genotypes Human traits An individual that is heterozygous for a recessive gene that predisposes for heredity division is called what a carrier Know the following information on the two dominant genetic disorders Achondroplasia Homozygous dominant results in death Heterozygous results in dwarfism carrier Homozygous recessive results in normal Huntington s disease A degeneration of the nervous system What is incorrect about the following statement The most frequently occurring and desirable traits are expressed by a dominant allele Not always desirable In order to get a genotypic evaluation expecting parents undergo what kind of test Identifying Carriers test The 2 invasive forms of fetal testing are Amniocentesis remove some fluid from the uterus to test CVS Choriojicdillous sampling testing the placenta both look at genotype Fetal imaging is what ultrasound imaging that uses sound waves to produce a picture of the fetus looks at phenotype Newborn screening often includes tests for phenylketonuria which is caused by an inability to break down phenylalanine If undetected this can lead to death Know these terms and an example of each Incomplete dominance When an offspring s phenotype is in between the phenotypes of its parents Example being resulting pink flower from a cross breed of red and white because red is not completely dominant Codominance Many genes have more than two alleles in the population Example ABO blood type Polygenic inheritance one characteristic is determined by more than one gene poly many genic genes example skin color Pleiotrophy A single gene that effects several characteristics Example in the sweet pea plant one gene controls flower color seed color and whether or not it has spots A phenotype can be affected by what two factors genetic and environmental Why do sex linked disorders mostly affect males Because there is only one X chromosome for the sex linked disorder to be on so there is less of a chance that they don t get the disorder List the 2 examples of sex linked disorders Red green color blindness and Hemophilia Lecture 13 DNA Technology Variation Explain the differences between identical and fraternal twins Identical one egg one sperm same genotype and phenotype fraternal 2 egg 2 sperm diff genotype and phenotype DNA FINGERPRINTING DOES NOT WORK ON IDENTICAL TWINS Applications for genetic engineering include I Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants J Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste K Protein used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy L Protein used to make snow form at higher temperature Organisms used to mass produce genetic material include what bacteria yeast and non human mammals TPA Tissue plasminogen activator clot buster TPA tissue plasmogen activator thrombolytic drugs which is a clot buster First Recombinant drug approved by FDA was what Humulin or Human insulin What is a vaccine medicine used to provide immunity to a particular disease PCR polymerase chain reaction is what A method used to amplify the amount of DNA sequences for analysis What is a genome the total genetic content in a haploid set of chromosomes The science of comparing whole genomes is called what The science of genomics What is proteomics the study of the proteins produced by a genome Why are proteonomics more complicated than genomics One organism has radically different protein production in different areas in the body Same organisms proteins differ in different life stages Different environmental conditions will produce different proteins Benefits of biotechnology in agriculture include increased crop productivity enhanced crop protection resistance to pests improvements in food processing improved nutritional value better flavor fresher produce environmental benefits reduced possible use of pesticides Risks of biotechnology in agriculture include allergens and toxins antibiotic resistance can occur potential gene escape impact on non target species other crops can be effected insecticide resistance loss of biodiversity lose different varieties of organisms What is the only source of brand new alleles mutation Some variations are neutral Meaning They provide no advantage or disadvantage MRSA Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus nosocomial hospital What are the primary causes of MRSA excessive and unnecessary use of antibiotics antibiotics in food and water germ mutation What are the risk factors for community associated young age participating in contact sports sharing towels or athletic equipment living in crowded or unsanitary conditions association with healthcare workers What are the risk factors for nosocomial infections A current or resent hospitalization If you reside in a Long Term care facility Invasive devises such as an indwelling IV tube recent antibiotic use Lecture 14 Intro to Evolution Natural Selection What are imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past and what do they suggest Fossils suggest evolution and the changing earth What was Charles Darwin s original concept that helped frame