BIOL 1543 1st Edition Outline of Last Lecture I Hierarchy exists at all levels II How to build a universe III How to build a galaxy IV How to build a solar system V How to build an Earth VI Elements of life VII Subatomic particles VIII Diferences in elements IX Isotopes X Electron arrangement XI Chemical bonding a covalent bonds XII Unequal electron sharing creates polar molecules XIII Hydrogen bonds are weak but important XIV Cohesion of water XV Water s hydrogen bonds regulate temperature a water stores heat eficiently XVI Ice is less dense than liquid water XVII Water is the solvent of life Outline of Current Lecture I Introduction to organic compounds II Organic molecules III Carbon chains vary in many ways Lecture 3 IV Functional groups V Cells build large molecules from smaller ones VI Dehydration reactions VII Hydrolysis VIII Carbohydrates IX Monosaccharides X Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides XI Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units XII Lipids XIII Fats also known as triglycerides XIV Other lipids XV PROTEINS XVI NUCLEIC ACIDS Current Lecture I Introduction to organic compounds a Life s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon i A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds allowing it to build large and diverse organic compounds II Organic molecules a Organic molecules are compounds containing carbon They are used by living things b Hydrocarbons are composed of only hydrogen and carbon c Some carbon compounds are isomers molecules with the same molecular formula but diferent structures structures are very important to how the molecule preforms III Carbon chains vary in many ways a Three primary ways in which they vary i size ii branching iii Multiple bonds IV Functional groups a groups of atoms which confer specific properties to a group b Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds c Particular groupings of atoms give molecules certain properties d know the names of the examples the structures and the functional group note the diferences within the groups i ionized charged ionized molecules will be more active than regular molecules V Cells build large molecules from smaller ones a The four main classes of biological molecules are carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids b Many of the molecules are gigantic and are called macromolecules c Cells make most of their large molecules by joining smaller organic molecules monomers the small repeating groups that we see as we build larger molecules into chains called polymers a combination of multiple small units d Cells link monomers to form polymers by a dehydration reaction VI Dehydration reactions a Breaks of the Hydrogen from one end and the OH from the other to form a H2O and make a larger polymer VII Hydrolysis a Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process hydrolysis lysis break i Breaking down H2O to separate a polymer VIII Carbohydrates a Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates i The carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides b Honey is a monosaccharide sugar i the sufix ose is a carbohydrate and generally a sugar IX Monosaccharides a Glucose and fructose are additionally isomers that contain the same atoms but in diferent arrangements b Monosaccharides can also occur as ring structures X Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides a Monosaccharides simple sugars can join to form disaccharides di two could also be called a polysaccharide such as sucrose table sugar and maltose brewing sugar XI Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units a Polysaccharides are polymers poly two or more of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions i Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides that store sugar for later use ii Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls XII Lipids a There are many types of lipids They consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds lipids are not charged b Lipids are grouped together because they are hydrophobic hydro water phobic hate fear This is a result of their nonpolar structure c Lipids are considered the exception to the monomer polymer concept because we do not see repeating units in lipids like we do in carbohydrates XIII Fats also known as triglycerides a Fats AKA triglycerides are lipids whose main function is energy storage b They consist of glycerol linked to three fatty acids XIV Other lipids a Phospholipids waxes and steroids are lipids with a variety of functions i Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes ii Waxes form waterproof coatings 1 like on duck feathers iii organic Steroids are often hormones generally made in the adrenal cortex 1 testosterone estrogen glucocorticoids hormone that acts in the body as the stress hormone and mineralocorticoids balance diferent minerals in the body of organisms iv Anabolic steroids roids are synthetic variants of testosterone 1 if either sex uses this too much they have the tendency to become more like the opposite sex a man boobs gynocomastica gyno female XV PROTEINS a Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life i A protein is a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers ii Proteins are involved in almost all of a cell s activities iii Some proteins are enzymes which regulate chemical reactions all enzymes are proteins iv Protein diversity is based on diferent arrangements of a common set of 20 amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds holds together the amino acid monomers to form a polypeptide protein b Each amino acid contains i An amino group always in NH2 ii A carboxyl group always HCO2 iii An R group varies which distinguishes each of the 20 diferent amino acids H H N C H Amino group C O R Carboxyl acid group c Each amino acid has specific properties based on its structure mainly determined by the diference in the R group d Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis e The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide bonds XVI NUCLEIC ACIDS a Nucleic acids are information rich polymers of nucleotides monomers of nucleic acids i Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA serve as the blueprints for proteins and thus control the life of a cell 1 the genes produce proteins b The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides composed of a sugar phosphate and nitrogenous base H H N N N H OH O P N O CH2 O Phosphate group H Nitrogenous base A O H N H H H ar c Got Lactose OH Sug H i Many people in the world sufer from lactose intolerance lacking