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U of A BIOL 1543 - The Molecules of Cells
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BIOL 1543 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last LectureI. Hierarchy exists at all levelsII. How to build a universeIII. How to build a galaxyIV. How to build a solar systemV. How to build an EarthVI. Elements of lifeVII. Subatomic particlesVIII. Diferences in elementsIX. IsotopesX. Electron arrangementXI. Chemical bondinga. covalent bondsXII.Unequal electron sharing creates polar moleculesXIII.Hydrogen bonds are “weak” but importantXIV.Cohesion of waterXV. Water’s hydrogen bonds regulate temperaturea. water stores heat eficientlyXVI.Ice is less dense than liquid waterXVII.Water is the solvent of lifeOutline of Current LectureI. Introduction to organic compoundsII. Organic moleculesIII. Carbon chains vary in many waysIV. Functional groupsV. Cells build large molecules from smaller onesVI. Dehydration reactionsVII.HydrolysisVIII.CarbohydratesIX. MonosaccharidesX. Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharidesXI.Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar unitsXII.LipidsXIII.Fats (also known as triglycerides)XIV.Other lipidsXV.PROTEINSXVI.NUCLEIC ACIDSCurrent LectureI. Introduction to organic compoundsa. Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carboni. A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing it to build large and diverse organic compoundsII. Organic moleculesa. Organic molecules are compounds containing carbon. They are used by living things.b. Hydrocarbons are composed of only hydrogen and carbon.c. Some carbon compounds are isomers, molecules withthe same molecular formula but diferent structures.(structures are very important to how the molecule preforms)III.Carbon chains vary in many waysa. Three primary waysin which they varyi. sizeii. branchingiii. Multiple bondsIV. Functional groupsa. groups of atoms which confer specific properties to a groupb. Functional groups help determine the propertiesof organic compounds.c. Particular groupings of atoms give molecules certain properties.d. know the names of the examples, the structures, and the functional group (note the diferences within the groups)i. ionized = charged (ionized molecules will bemore active than regular molecules)V. Cells build large molecules from smaller onesa. The four main classes of biological molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.b. Many of the molecules are gigantic and are called macromolecules.c. Cells make most of their large molecules by joining smaller organic molecules (“monomers”- the small repeating groups that we see as we build larger molecules) into chains called polymers (a combination of multiple small units)d. Cells link monomers to form polymers by a dehydration reaction.VI.Dehydration reactionsa. Breaks of the Hydrogen from one end and the OH from the otherto form a H2O, and make a larger polymerVII.Hydrolysisa. Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (-lysis = break)i. Breaking down H2O to separate a polymerVIII.Carbohydratesa. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydratesi. The carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharidesb. Honey is a monosaccharide sugari. the sufix “-ose” is a carbohydrate and generally a sugarIX. Monosaccharidesa. Glucose and fructose are (additionally) isomers that contain the same atoms but in diferent arrangements.b. Monosaccharides can also occur as ring structures.X. Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharidesa. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) can join to form disaccharides (di- = two.) (could also be called a polysaccharide) such as sucrose (table sugar) and maltose (brewing sugar).XI.Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar unitsa. Polysaccharides are polymers (poly = two or more) of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions.i. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides that store sugar for later useii. Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plant cell wallsXII.Lipidsa. There are many types of lipids. They consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds. (lipids are not charged)b. Lipids are grouped together because they are hydrophobic (hydro- = water; -phobic = hate/fear). This is a result of their nonpolar structure.c. Lipids are considered the exception to the monomer/polymer concept because we do not see repeating units in lipids like we do in carbohydratesXIII.Fats (also known as triglycerides)a. Fats (AKA: triglycerides) are lipids whose main function is energy storageb. They consist of glycerol linked to three fatty acids.XIV.Other lipidsa. Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are lipids with a variety of functionsi. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranesii. Waxes form waterproof coatings1.like on duck feathersiii.(organic) Steroids are often hormones (generally made in the adrenal cortex)1. testosterone, estrogen, glucocorticoids (hormonethat acts in the body as the stress hormone), andmineralocorticoids (balance diferent minerals inthe body of organisms)iv.Anabolic steroids (‘roids) are synthetic variants of testosterone.1. if either sex uses this too much they have the tendency to become more like the opposite sexa. man boobs= gynocomastica (gyno- female)XV.PROTEINSa. Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of lifei. A protein is a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers.ii.Proteins are involved in almost all of a cell’s activities.iii.Some proteins are enzymes, which regulate chemical reactions (all enzymes are proteins).*iv.Protein diversity is based on diferent arrangements of a common set of 20 amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds (holds together the amino acid monomers to form a polypeptide = protein).b. Each amino acid containsi. An amino group* (always in NH2)ii.A carboxyl group* (always HCO2)iii.An R group* (varies), which distinguishes each of the 20 diferent amino acidsHHNCCHORAmino Carboxyl (acid) group groupc. Each amino acid has specific properties based on its structure(mainly determined by the diference in the R group)d. Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesise. The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide bondsXVI.NUCLEIC ACIDSa. Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides (monomers of nucleic acids).i. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA serve as the blueprints for proteins and thus control the life of a cell.1. the genes produce proteinsb. The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous baseH H NNN HOHNNHO P


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