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U of A BIOL 1543 - Plants, Fungi, Animals
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BIOL 1543 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last LectureI. The Origin of Species II. What is a species? III. Species Definitions IV. Maintaining SpeciesV. MECHANISMS OF SPECIATIONVI. The tempo of speciation can appear steady or jumpyVII.Complex structuresVIII.History of the UniverseIX.But how do we know how old things are? X. Radiometric datingXI.Continental DriftXII.Earth’s Geographical History XIII.Consequences of plate tectonicsXIV.Mass extinctions are followed by diversification XV.Phylogeny and SystematicsXVI.Arranging Life into Kingdoms is a work in progressOutline of Current LectureI. PROKARYOTESII. PROTISTS - the early EukaryotesIII. Plants have adaptations for life on land IV. Seedless plants dominated vast “coal forests”V. Seed PlantsVI. Fruits are the ripened ovary of a flowerVII.AngiospermsVIII.Kingdom: FUNGIIX. FungiX. What is an animal?XI.Kingdom AnimaliaXII.Phylum: PORIFERAXIII.Phylum: CNIDARIAXIV.Phyla: PLATYHELMINTHES and NEMATODAXV.Phylum: MOLLUSCAXVI.Phylum: ANNELIDAXVII.Phylum: ARTHROPODAXVIII.Phylum: ECHINODERMATACurrent LectureI. PROKARYOTES a. Prokaryotes appeared on Earth billions of years ago. b. They are the oldest life-forms and remain the mostnumerous and widespread organisms. c. The prokaryote domains (Archaea and Bacteria) aredistinguished mainly by genetic differences.II. PROTISTS - the early Eukaryotes a. The eukaryotic cell probably originated as acommunity of prokaryotes i. Eukaryotic cells evolved fromprokaryotic cells more than 2billion years ago ii. The nucleus andendomembrane systemprobably evolved frominfoldings of the plasmamembrane. iii. Mitochondria and chloroplastsprobably evolved from aerobicand photosyntheticendosymbionts, respectively.III. Plants have adaptations for life on land a. Plants are multicellular photosynthetic eukaryoteswith specific adaptations that are not found in algae.i. know the definition and the definition of eachword in the definition b. Supporting the Plant Body i. The cell walls of some plant tissues are thickened and strengthened by lignin (the chemical that causes thickening of cell/plant body) c. Maintaining Moisture i. A waxy cuticle covers the stems and leaves ofplants and helps retain waterii. Stomata are tiny pores in leaves that allow for gasexchange d. Obtaining resources from two sources i. Plants have vascular tissue to distribute nutrients throughout the organism: xylem (microscopic tubes that carry water and minerals up from the roots) and phloem (tubes that disperse sugar throughout the organism) 1. resources from air and soil e. Reproducing on Land i. Many living plants produce gametes that areencased in protective structures 1. Spores - found in nonflowering plants - a small usually single cell reproductive body, highly resistant to desiccation, that can grow into a new organism 2. Seeds - found in flowering plants- the embryowith food in a protective covering f. divided into the nonvascular plants and vascular plant(don’t need to know the timeline) i. vascular plants are divided into seedless and seedplants 1. club mosses and ferns - spores 2. seed plants- Gymnosperms and Angiosperms ii. Liver warts, horn wart, and mosses (bryophytes arenonvascular plants ) IV. Seedless plants dominated vast “coal forests”a. Ferns and other seedless plants once dominated ancientforests (360 - 300 mya). Their remains formed coal and other “fossilfuels.” Burning these returns CO2 to the atmosphere.b. carboniferous - coal forests c. cycads - plants that lived during the dinosaurs V. Seed Plants a. Seed plants have pollen grains that transport sperm. Theirembryos are protected in seeds. i. Gymnosperms produce seeds in cones. 1. used for lumber and paper ii. The seeds of angiosperms develop withinprotective ovaries (fruits). VI. Fruits are the ripened ovary of a flowera. The key development of angiosperms is the flower, the reproductive organ. Fertilized eggs within ovaries in the flowers develop into fruits. b. Fruits are structures adapted for seeddispersal. i. three types 1. fruit acts to attract animals, who eat thefruit, go somewhere else, and poop outthe seeds 2. seed acts to harness natural forces3. based on the adhesive nature of the seed VII.Angiospermsa. Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms i. Angiosperms provide most of our food and otherimportant commercial products (drinks as well) 1. about 25% of our medications come fromangiosperms ii. Through artificial selection and geneticengineering, we have influenced the evolution ofthese plants b. Interactions with animals have profoundly influencedangiosperm evolution c.produces nectar - attracts animals VIII.Kingdom: FUNGIa. Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies i. Fungi are heterotrophic (cannot make its own food)eukaryotes that digest their food externally andabsorb the nutrients ii. Most of a fungus is underground 1. a massive feeding network - mycelium (cellscalled hyphae - long branching filament cells offungi)2. apothecium - the cup shapedreproductive structure seen in fungi IX. Fungia. Fungi have enormous ecological benefits and practical uses i. They are essential decomposers and provide antibioticsand food X. What is an animal?a. Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs thatingest their food. b. Of the 1.5 million species of organisms knownto science, over two-thirds are animals c. Humans have a long history of studyinganimal diversity, but classifying an animalisn’t always easy.d. Biologists often encounter classificationproblems when organisms evolve similarcharacteristics. e. Animals can be characterized by basic features of their“body plan” i. Animal body plans may vary insymmetry , body cavity, orembryonic development. ii. radial (divided into segments),Bilateral (right half is a mirrorimage of the left half), andasymmetric symmetry XI.Kingdom Animaliaa. A phylogenetic tree based on morphological comparisons: i. Protostomes - the first embryonicopening they develop is the mouthii. Deuterostomes - the first embryonic opening is theanus iii.Sponges - most underdeveloped organism -don’t show any specialized body parts or functionsXII.Phylum:


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