Chiba: Advanced Nonruminant Nutrition Protein - Study Questions Page 1 Protein and Amino Acids (2 weeks) (Lee I. Chiba, Auburn University) General Approach?  Should go through appropriate sections of the Animal Nutrition Handbook and appropriate references and become familiar with some pertinent topics.  Should be able to respond appropriately/adequately to each of the study questions listed under each section, which can be:  Directly out of the Animal Nutrition Handbook.  Related to the topic in the handbook, but need a little thinking and(or) overall comprehension of the topic.  A general question that can be answered with some common knowledge, common sense, and(or) "general reading" on the subject.  Any specific questions on a particular question or topic should be forwarded to the instructor for some clarification or guidance via E-mail [[email protected]]. [Please keep in mind that we may not be able to respond promptly for various reasons, even though we'll try our best!] Animal Nutrition Handbook?  Section 7: "Protein Metabolism and Vitamins/Minerals" ["Animal Nutrition Handbook" - Available at http://www.ag.auburn.edu/~chibale/animalnutrition.html]  Pages: 173 to 258 Week 1 Protein in General [Pages 173 to 179 & Others]  Many people use the term "essential amino acids!" Considering the connotation of its . . . counterpart (?), "nonessential amino acids," how would you feel about the use of the term "essential amino acid/acids?"  Usually, we use the term "crude protein." Why wouldn't we "say" just "protein?" What the reason(s) behind using such a practice?  Some terminologies? What are some of the terms commonly used to describe proteinaceous compounds? For instance, what the difference between, e.g., "protein" and polypeptides? Advanced Nonruminant Nutrition Fall Semester, 2014Chiba: Advanced Nonruminant Nutrition Protein - Study Questions Page 2 Protein Digestion [Pages 179 to 187 & Others]  How would you describe "overall" protein digestion in, e.g., pigs? That is, from the mouth to the rectum/anus!  Enzymes are synthesized and secreted as a "proenzyme or zymogen." Why would you think that is?  What do we mean by "activating" proenzymes or zymogens?  We say that pepsin and trypsin are "autocatalytic" enzymes. What do we mean by that?  Pepsin is obviously important for gastric digestion of protein, but what would be some specific action of pepsin? Hint? Pepsin is considered as an endopeptidase!  In terms of the overall protein nutrition, how important is the "gastric digestion?"  How would you describe "intraluminal or pancreatic" digestion?  Trypsin can be considered as the most important digestive enzyme? Why? What are some of the reasons?  In terms of overall protein nutrition, how important is the "pancreatic digestion?"  How would you describe the "membrane and intracellular digestion?"  Considering how proteins are digested and absorbed, how would you feel about "dietary" supplementation of "glucosamine" to alleviate some joint problems, or "collagen" to keep your skin young?  What would be the difference between "apparent and true digestibility?" Or, why would we use the term "apparent" digestibility?  "Apparent digestibility" may underestimate the digestibility. What would be the reason for the "underestimation?"  We would say that, instead of "fecal digestibility," we would have to use "ileal digestibility" in assessing the nutritional values of protein? Why would we say that?  In terms of the protein quality, there seem to be some positive effects of mild heat treatment processing on many "plant" protein sources. What are some of the beneficial effects of mild heating?  What do we mean by "Maillard or browning reaction?" How can we explain that briefly!? Absorption of Amino Acids and Peptides [Pages 187 to 191 & Others]  Do we have any situation where we don't want "protein" to be digested? If so why?  How would you describe the absorption process of antibodies or immunoglobulins, and what do we mean by "closure?"  What are some of the historical accounts on protein digestion and(or) absorption of the end of products of digestion?  Perhaps, the actual systems are bit more complex, but how would you describe "four" distinct amino acid absorption/transport systems just breifly?  Absorption of peptides would be important for "3" major reasons. Why is the absorption of some peptides so important? Protein Metabolism, Synthesis, and Turnover, and Amino Acids as a Source of Energy [Pages 191 to 196 & Others]Chiba: Advanced Nonruminant Nutrition Protein - Study Questions Page 3  We might be able to say: a) "protein metabolism is in a dynamic state," and b) "many amino acids have very important specialized functions!" Why would we make such statements?  When we're dealing with the "protein synthesis or translation," we would have to remember a couple of important points! Some hint? - Amino acid proportion & accuracy of protein synthesis?  Perhaps, relating to the previous question, but why would protein digestibility/absorption or quality would be so important in terms of the translation/protein synthesis?  What do we mean by the "fractional rate of protein synthesis?"  Considering the rate of protein synthesis and accretion, what would be the main focus of protein synthesis? Would that be applicable to all classes of animals?  "Protein turnover?" What is it, and why do we need protein turnover?  Would you agree with this statement, "By restricting what we eat, we can live longer?" Why or why not?  It seems that deaminated amino acids are not an efficient source of energy! Why would you think that is?  Many amino acids are "glucogenic" amino acids. Does that mean a lot of glucose can be generated via metabolism of those amino acids? Yes or no? Why or why not? Transamination/Deamination, and Vitamin B6 [Pages 196 to 204 & Others]  How would you describe the overall flow of N in amino acids metabolism?  What do we mean by "transamination & deamination," and what would be the most important factor in those processes?  Vitamin B6 will be covered in the vitamin section, but encourage you to consider its possible roles for the transamination/deamination . . . & others. Week 2 Amino Acid Isomers & Analogs, Excretion of N, and Special Functions