9/2/2014 1 Carbohydrates II: Applications in Nutrition Non-Starch Polysaccharides NSP content (g/kg)0 20 40 60 80 100 120Metabolizable Energy, kcal/kg240028003200360040004400Relationship of NSP to Energy Content of Cereal Grain Fed to Poultry - increasing NSP results in decrease energy - anti-nutritional effect - counteract by adding fiber-degrading enzymes Rice Barley Rye Wheat Triticale Sorghum Corn Effect of Arabinoxylans on Ileal Digestibility(Choct and Annison, 1992)Arabinoxylan (g/kg)0 10 20 30 40Digestibility, %60708090100Starch Protein Lipid9/2/2014 2 From: Bedford, 2000 Relationship of Digesta Viscosity to Performance (From Bedford and Classen, 1991) Feed:Gain Gain, g Viscosity (cps) NSP content (g/kg)0 20 40 60 80 100 120Metabolizable Energy, kcal/kg240028003200360040004400Relationship of NSP to Energy Content of Cereal Grain Fed to Poultry - increasing NSP results in decrease energy - anti-nutritional effect - counteract by adding fiber-degrading enzymes Rice Barley Rye Wheat Triticale Sorghum Corn9/2/2014 3 Effect of Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content on energy in various grains Cereal β-glucans g/kg Pentosans g/kg Total NSP g/kg Energy kcal/kg Rice 0 0 0 4159 Sorghum 1 28 29 3776 Corn 1 43 44 3776 Wheat 5 61 66 3418 Triticale 7 70 77 3298 Barley 33 76 109 2700 Rye 12 89 101 2700 DDGSCorn GrainProteinAshLipidNDFStarchMoistureOtherStarch Starch NDF NDF Protein Protein Lipid Effect of Fiber-Degrading Enzymes on Performance Control Control + Enzyme Improvement, % BW @ 15d, g Feed:Gain 282 1.46 373* 1.28* 32 12 Sticky Droppings, % @ 8 d Intestinal Length, cm/kg BW Apparent Digest., % CP Starch NSP 31 290 70 96 33 11* 220* 76* 99* 36 67 24 9 3 9 Wheat / rye based diet (high NSP)9/2/2014 4 Endogenous β–glucanase activity decreased with time. Effects of supplemental enzyme decreased with longer storage. Storage had no effect on proximate composition, but there were changes in β-glucans and viscosity. Most likely due to endogenous enzymes. AME was higher in Older birds (30 d) compared to younger (10 d) 1 centipoise increase in digesta viscosity = 15.4 kcal decrease in AME9/2/2014 5 Wheat Rye Triticale Enzyme: - + - + - + ADG, g/d D 0-21 D 21-34 532 728 552 745 314 548 478 692 510 722 546 710 ADFI, g/d D 0-21 D 21-34 900 2377 920 2430 723 1971 904 2477 876 2362 899 2340 Feed:Gain D 0-21 D 21-34 1.55 1.82 1.53 1.81 1.99 2.16 1.72 2.04 1.56 1.84 1.51 1.79 Effect of Enzyme Addition to Feed on Growth Performance of Chickens Fed Wheat, Rye or Triticale- Based Diets Enzyme: β-glucanase, pentosanase activity. Site of exoenzyme action in gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicks • Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 599-602, 1998 • Objective: to determine the site of enzyme action based on viscosity, pH and reducing sugars. • Broilers fed 60% rye or wheat based diets from 5-19 days of age.9/2/2014 6 Diet Composition Rye Wheat Rye Wheat Casein SBM Fat Starch Other Marker (Chromic oxide) 60 - 5.55 20.00 6 2.62 5.48 0.3 - 60 7.65 20 6 0.57 5.53 0.3 Protein, % Energy, ME, MJ/kg Lysine TSAA 22.90 12.2 (2919) 1.49 0.93 22.85 13.8 (3301) 1.31 0.93 Treatments: Wheat (positive control) Rye Rye + Cellulase Rye + Ecozyme (xylanase) Site of Enzyme Activity Diet Enzyme Gain F:G AME (MJ/kg) Protein Digest, % Vent Pasting, % Rye Rye Rye Wheat No Cellulase Ecozyme No 343 c 416 b 405 b 470 a 1.78 a 1.49 b 1.53 b 1.38 c 11.7 d 13.4 b 12.8 c 14.9 a 83.5 c 87.5 ab 86.1 b 89.1 a 43.3 a 23.3 b 23.3 b 0 c Viscosity, mPAs Diet Enzyme Crop Gizzard Anterior Small Int Posterior Small Int. Rye Rye Rye Wheat No Cellulase Ecozyme No 1.66 a 2.06 a 1.64 a 1.04 b 1.59 1.48 1.89 1.00 7.69 a 3.93 b 4.07 b 1.52 c 35.6 a 6.8 b 6.6 b 2.0 b Addition of enzyme to the rye-based diet improved performance. Decreased viscosity in small intestine. Diet Composition Barley Studies UGA Starter 3100 kcal Barley 3000 kcal Corn 57.3 4.5 SBM 33.5 31.7 Barley 0 50.0 Fat PBM 3.2 3.0 7.2 3.0 All diets 23% CP, 1.3% lysine, 0.92% met + cys, 1.0% Ca, 0.45% P(avail.)9/2/2014 7 Effect of Enzyme Addition to Barley Diets on GainControl Xyn Lic X + L Rono Avi Natu CornGain, Day 0-14050100150200250300350All Diets 3000 kcal/kg Effect of Enzyme Addition to Barley Diets on Growth of Broiler ChicksDay of Study0 2 4 6 8 10Body Weight, Grams050100150200250300350Corn-Soy, ReferenceBarleyBarley + GlucanaseBarley + XylanaseBarley + Glucanase + Xylanase DietBody Weight Gain, Day 0-10050100150200250Corn 3100 kcalBarley 3000 kcalBarley + GlucanaseBarley + XylanaseBarley + Glucanase + XylanaseEffect of Enzyme Addition to Barley Diets on Growth of Broiler ChicksChickens fed barley-based diets do not grow as well as on corn. Addition of fiber-degrading enzymes to barley diet improves growth rates.9/2/2014 8 Viscosity Determination Digesta collected from loop of the duodenum to the ileum. Digesta centrifuged. Supernatant transferred to microfuge tube and kept on ice. Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometer 0.5 ml sample of digesta supernatant at 40º C. Viscosity in: mPa•s (milli Pascal seconds) or cP (centipoise) Effect of Enzyme Addition of Digesta Viscosity(Digesta collected on Day 11-14)DietCorn Barley + Lic A + Xyn A + Both + RonoViscosity, mPas 05101520253035aaaacbEnzyme Response: Chicken vs. Pig Passage rate Differences Availability of products of cecal fermentation Effect of Wheat Variety on Intestinal Viscosity in Broilers, Turkeys and Pigs(Danicke et al., 1999) Wheat Variety: Arabinoxylan Content (g/kg)11 17Ileal Viscosity (mPa s)0102030Chick (3 wk) Turkey (4 wk) Pig (8 wk)9/2/2014 9 Potential for Use of Exogenous Enzymes in Swine and Poultry Endogenous Contributions Role for Microbiota Limits the Gastrointesinal Tract Function Predicted Success Phytase Weaner Grower Poultry - - -/+ - - - **** **** **** ++++ +++ ++++ Fiber / NSP Weaner Grower Poultry - - - + ++ - ** * **** +/++ -/+ ++++ Protease Weaner Grower Poultry ++ ++++ + + ++ + ** * *** +/++ - ++ Reasons for differences in enzyme efficacy between swine and poultry • Phytases work in both swine and poultry. Their benefits are not predictive of whether proteases or carbohydrases will work in both species. – Pig ≠ Poultry • Reasons: – Size: intestinal development differences – Variable of interest: digestibility vs performance – Feedstuff: quality and feed processing – Feed formulation: • Nutrient level (normal vs