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Clemson AVS 8080 - water

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1 Water Classes of Nutrients • Water • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals Classes of Nutrients • Water • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals Macronutrients Micronutrients2 Classes of Essential Nutrients • Water • Energy – (can come from carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) • Essential Amino Acids • Essential Fatty Acids • Minerals • Vitamins • Macro Nutrients – Water – Carbohydrates – Proteins and Amino Acids – Lipids – Energy • Micronutrients – Vitamins – Minerals Water (The forgotten nutrient) • Essential nutrient • Major Functions: – Metabolism – Temperature Regulation3 Role of water in metabolism • Solvent for reactions • Transport medium and diluent • Participates in reactions • Metabolic water = water of oxidation • All biochemical reactions require water Water and Temperature Regulation • Physical properties of water – High specific heat • heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius – High heat of thermal conductivity • Ability to conduct heat – High heat of vaporization • Amount of heat absorbed to change from liquid to gas Water sources • Drinking water • Feed water – Non-ruminant diets typically 8-12% moisture – Ruminant diet (silage 50% moisture) • Metabolic water • Anabolic water (condensation reactions) • Preformed water (associated with body energy stores)4 Water Losses • Urine: 24-33% • Feces: 13-24% • Insensible water (evaporative loss) – Respiration (45-55%) – Sweat (species dependent) • Not in pig, dog, cat, bird • Important in human and horse Water Balance in a Pig (from Patience, 2013) Intake, mL/d Excretion, mL/d Drinking 5,552 Feces 672 Metabolic 788 Urine 2,839 Feed 252 Digestion 185 Anabolic 74 Evaporation 2,335 Total 6,666 Total Retained 6,031 635 Performance: Gain 1.0 kg/d Intake 2.1 kg/d Accretion: Protein 160 g/d Lipid 150 g/d Ash 35 g/d Water: Protein Overall 4:1 Lean 3.3:15 Water Requirements in Poultry (ml /bird/day) CHICKENS Age or Productivity 20 C 32 C Young Layer 4 wk 8 wk 12 wk 50 115 140 75 180 200 Laying Hen 90% production 180 300 Broiler Chicken 1 wk (150 g) 3 wk (650 g) 6 wk (1900 g) 9 wk (3200 g) 24 100 240 300 40 190 500 600 Turkeys BW (kg) Water (ml/day) 5 wk 1.6 320 10 wk 6.0 750 20 wk 16.0 1000 Water Requirement • Influenced by: – Age or body weight – Environmental temperature – Diet • Salt • Protein • Intake is typically 2-5 kg water per 1 kg dry matter intake – Rats, chickens: Water is 2x feed – In pigs an average value of 2.5 kg water per kg feed Effect of Diet Composition on Water Balance (from Shaw et al., 2006) Low CP High CP Excess CP High Minerals Diet CP Ca P Salt 17.8 0.57 0.47 0.40 21.4 0.51 0.51 0.40 25.4 0.58 0.54 0.40 20.4 1.00 0.76 0.90 Water Balance IN, mL/d Drinking Feed 5500 194 4952 199 6265 280 5489 201 Out, mL/d Fecal Urine 289 2839 286 2492 310 3417 328 2608 Excess CP increased intake and urine volume.6 Agricultural Use of Water Water use in U.S.: Industry 5% Public 11% Thermoelectric 48% Agriculture - irrigation 34% - livestock <1% Poultry Processing 7 gallons per bird x 9 billion birds = 63 billion gallons per year. Agricultural Use of Water Claims against Animal Production: Amount of water needed to produce 1 pound of wheat: 25 gallons. Amount of water needed to produce 1 pound of beef: 2,500 gallons. Actual: 1 lb wheat takes 151 gallons of water based on Kansas data from an irrigated field. 1 lb. of boneless beef takes about 435 gallons. Claim: The water used to produce 10 lbs. of steak can provide food for a vegetarian family for an entire year. Actual: Beef :435 gallons/lb x 10 = 4350 gallons Wheat:151 gallons /lb 4350 gallons = 28.8 lb wheat Industrial Water Use (freshwater withdrawal in billions gallons/day) 1975 1995 2000 Electric Power 86 137 136 Manufacturing 51 26 20 Total 137 163 156 Water use for livestock production is relatively minimal compared to other


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