10/11/20141Anti-nutritional CompoundsSung Woo KimNorth Carolina State UniversityAnti-nutritional compoundsz Compounds naturally found in feedstuffs which have negative effects on digestion, absorption, and/or metabolism of nutrientsand/or metabolism of nutrients (cf. mycotoxins from fungi)z Mechanisms– Bind to nutrients, especially proteins, reducing digestion and absorption– May be absorbed and have systemic effectsAnti-nutritional compoundsz Found primarily in plant source ingredients– Soybean meals(other legumeTrypsin inhibitor, lectinglycinin, β-conglycinin,(other legume-seed meals)– Canola meals– Cottonseed meals– Sorghum– Cereal grainsgy ,βgy ,flatulence producing compoundsGoitrogen, glucosinolateGossypolTanninPhytate10/11/20142Importance of ANC in plantsz However, ANC are important compounds for the plants.z Function in plant seeds is related to plant defense.– Resistance to insect pests– Resistance to diseases/pathogensImportance of ANC in plantsz Removal of anti-nutritional compounds by genetic selection of manipulation could affect disease or insect resistance of plants.–Glandless cotton (low gossypol)– Low TI soybeans– Low OS soybeans (low FPC)– Low phytate soybeansAnti-nutritional compoundsz Ruminants vs. simple stomach animals– Ruminants: anti-nutritional compounds can be broken down in pthe rumen.– Simple stomach animals: anti-nutritional compounds can directly affect the digestion.10/11/20143Trypsin inhibitorsz Present in legume seedsz Proteinsz Inhibit the trypsin activityTITrypsinTrypsin inhibitorsz Two types– Bowman-Birk: heat stable– Kunitz: heat labilez Most predominant one is Kunitz.pz Varieties with a low TI content are being developed.Tanninsz Polyphenolic compoundsz Gallic acidand flavones are the base units of tannin (antioxidants).Gallic acid10/11/20144Tanninsz Located in common beans and sorghum as well as in tea, wine, and berrieszNatural coloring agent (pigment)zNatural coloring agent (pigment)z Bind to amino acids and proteins– Bind to dietary protein and interfere with digestive enzymesz Potential benefit?: anti-viral, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterialLectinsz Glycoproteins (hemagglutinins)z Present in legume seedsz Bind to receptors on the surface of enterocytes, may have systemic effects (allergic reaction, GIT disintegration, immune reaction)z Enterocyte integrity is affected.Gossypolz Polyphenolic aldehydez Major pigment(yellow)z Located in cotton seed: either protein bound or free formprotein bound or free formz Only free form is toxic.10/11/20145Gossypolz Cytotoxic effect: act as an inhibitor of cellular ‘dehydrogenase’ which is important in energy metabolism. zChronic exposure to gossypol canzChronic exposure to gossypol can cause heart failure, liver damage, and reproductive failure– In the past, gossypol has been used as a male contraceptive in some area.– Treatment for cancer? Antiviral?Gossypolz Binds iron, additional iron should be supplemented if cottonseed meal is being used in diets for simple stomach animalssimple stomach animalsFe2+Goitrogenz Found in canola meal, cabbages, cassava, soybeans, etc z There are at least 100 types of goitrogens have been identifiedgoitrogens have been identified.z Glucosinolateand glycosylflavones10/11/20146Goitrogenz Inhibit iodination of thyroid hormonesz A substance that induces goiterzGoiter is an enlargement of thezGoiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency or by thyroid disorders.Phytatez Inositol hexa-/ penta-/ tetra-/ or tri-phosphateInositolInositol hexa phosphate Phytatez Can interfere with phosphorus, calcium, zinc, copper, and ,,pp,manganese absorptionz May impact amino acid absorptionz Cause environmental problem with high P in soil (undigested phytate will be excreted..)10/11/20147Phytatez Solution?–Use of phytase(an enzyme to py(yhydrolyze phytate) as a feed additive can solve the problem with phytate improving the use of phosphorus in plant based feedstuffs by animals– Maryland mandates the use of phytase in poultry diets. Flatulence producing factorsz Oligo- and poly-saccharidesespecially in legume seeds that cannot be digested by animals but highly fermentable by gut bacteriahighly fermentable by gut bacteria– Soluble NSP vs. insoluble NSPz Found in palm kernel meal, copra meal, soybean meals (high in soy hulls), etc.z Low in corn but high in DDGSFlatulence producing factorsz α-1,6-galactosides (raffinose family)– Raffinose, stachyose, and verbascosez β-1,4-mannans (= β-1,4-mannosides)Also found as βgalactomannan–Also found as β-galactomannan– and glucomannan10/11/20148Flatulence producing factorsz Upper gut: FPC limit the access of digestive enzymes to dietary nutrients in digesta (reduce nutrient digestibility)(reduce nutrient digestibility)FPCFPCStarchProteinStarchProteinWater++WaterDrawn by SWKFlatulence producing factorsz Upper gut: FPC limit the access of digestive enzymes to dietary nutrients in digesta (reduce nutrient digestibility)(reduce nutrient digestibility)FPCStarchProteinDrawn by SWKFlatulence producing factorsz Hind gut: FPC are used rapidly by gut microflora with rapid gas production causing discomfort andnausea.nausea.10/11/20149Flatulence producing factorsSo… z Upper gut: FPC limit the access of digestive enzymes to dietary nutrients in digestanutrients in digesta (reduce nutrient digestibility)z Hind gut: FPC are used rapidly by gut microflora with rapid gas production causing discomfort andnausea.Flatulence producing factorsz Solution?– Use of feed additives containing enzymesto digest FPC in upper gut?FPCDigested FPCDrawn by SWKFlatulence producing factorsz Solution?– Use of feed additives containing enzymesto digest FPC in upper gut?StarchProteinDigested FPCDrawn by SWK10/11/201410Flatulence producing factorsz Solution?– Use of feed additives containing enzymesto digest FPC in upper gut?• Galactosidase, mannanase, xylanase, etc.y• Give digestive enzymes access to nutrients improving nutrient digestibility• Provide additional monosaccharides – This will also reduce FPC reaching hind gut reducing gas production.Summaryz Anti-nutritional compounds can cause negative impacts on nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism in animals.metabolism in animals. z When feeding animals, it should be checked if feedstuffs used in the feed contain anti-nutritional compounds and those can be eliminated if too