Chiba: Advanced Nonruminant Nutrition Vitamins - Study Questions Page 1 Vitamins (1 week) (Lee I. Chiba, Auburn University) General Approach?  Should go through appropriate sections of the Animal Nutrition Handbook and references listed under those sections and become familiar with the pertinent topics.  Should be able to respond appropriately/adequately to each of the study questions listed under each section, which can be:  Directly out of the Animal Nutrition Handbook.  Related to the topic in the handbook, but need a little thinking and(or) overall comprehension of the topic.  A general question that can be answered with some common knowledge, common sense, and(or) "general reading" on the subject.  Any questions on a particular question or topic, should be forwarded to the instructor for some clarification or guidance via E-mail [[email protected]]. [Please keep in mind that we may not be able to respond promptly simply because of the number of students and other commitments, even though we'll try our best!] Animal Nutrition Handbook?  Vitamins in the Sections 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 [Animal Nutrition Handbook" - Available at http://www.ag.auburn.edu/~chibale/animalnutrition.html]  Pages: 22 to 29, 133 to 145, 151 to158, 197 to 204, 208 to 224, 267 to 297, 328 to 337, 338 to 357, and 358 to 365 Vitamins in General [Pages 22 to 29]  What are some of the well-known diseases that plagued the world throughout the human history and now known as "vitamin deficiency diseases?"  Why would you think people were reluctant to believe that something lacking in their food/diet was the cause of those serious diseases/disorders . . . during the late 1800s and early 1900s, that is?  How would you define "vitamin?" Perhaps, we can do that by using our own words if we can remember "3 or 4 terms!?"  In addition to the "solubility" difference, what are, perhaps, the 2 other major differences between "fat-soluble" and "water-soluble" vitamins?  How would feel about the use of a typical corn-soy type diet to produce pigs and chickens in terms of satisfying their vitamin and(or) mineral needs? Advanced Nonruminant Nutrition Fall Semester, 2014Chiba: Advanced Nonruminant Nutrition Vitamins - Study Questions Page 2  How would you distinguish the "requirement" and "allowance," and what would be the implication of those terms in satisfying the vitamin needs of nonruminant animals?  It is a common practice for us to provide much more vitamins than the requirement, perhaps, 2 to 3 times or even more!? Well, what would be rationales/reasons for using such a practice in the commercial pig or poultry production?  Are there any differences in satisfying vitamin needs of, e.g., pigs and poultry vs. horses and cattle? If so, what are some of the reasons? Vitamin E (& Selenium) and Choline - Lipids [Pages 133 to 145 (Pages 145 to 151) and 151 to 158]  Vitamin E [& Se]  What would be the relationship between unsaturated (UFA)/polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and vitamin E requirements?  Other than UFA/PUFA, what are some other factors that can increase the need for vitamin E, Se, and other antioxidants?  What are the major deficiency signs associated with "vitamin E or Se or both?"  As biological antioxidants, what would be the relationship between vitamin E and Se in terms of the function and requirements?  Although vitamin E and Se are closely related, they are different. What would you think the basis for the difference?  Vitamin E can have many important functions, but what would be some specific functions of vitamin E as an antioxidant . . . especially at the cell membrane? [Some questions on Se:  As we mentioned, Se is well-known as a toxic element! Why would we have to be so concerned about Se?  What are some of the disorders/signs associated with Se toxicity or selenosis? What would be some possible cause/causes for those disorders/signs?  Although Se is generally considered as a toxic element, it is also an essential mineral element! Why? What would be the specific function of Se?  In terms of animal production in the United States and also in Alabama, do we have to be concerned about deficiency of Se? How about toxicity of Se? Hint? - Soil/soil content of Se?  Are there any differences in the efficiency of Se absorption? That is, in terms of the valence state of Se and also among species!?  Do we expect Se toxicity in poultry or pigs under practical conditions? Why or why not? Also, what do we know about "Se requirement and supplementation?"]  Choline  What are some of the major/important functions of choline?  Considering the definition of "vitamin" and functions and others on choline, can we consider choline as a "vitamin?" Why or why not?  What would be the limiting step for the choline synthesis in young birds?  There have been some interests in the use of betaine for, e.g., pigs and broiler chickens, and humans. How would you feel about "betaine supplementation?"  What are some "well-known" deficiency signs of choline in, e.g., pigs and chickens?Chiba: Advanced Nonruminant Nutrition Vitamins - Study Questions Page 3  Are there any beneficial effects of choline supplementation in humans, and what would be the possible reasons for the beneficial effects? Vitamin B6, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12 - Protein [Pages 197 to 204 & 208 to 224]  What would be the overall flow of N in amino acid metabolism?  What do we mean by "transamination & deamination," and what would be the most important factor in those processes?  How would you describe the initial step(s) for the action of vitamin B6?  Do we have to be concerned about the possible deficiency of vitamin B6 in a practical pig or poultry production . . . or in human?  What's γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, and what's the implication of vitamin B6.  How would you describe the relationship among folacin, vitamin B12, and Co? Also, what's the relationship of those with "choline, S, or Met/S-AA?"  Among others, but what would you think the most important functions of folic acid?  Folic acid is one of the vitamins that can be deficient in humans. What would be some of the possible reasons? Hint? - Stability of the vitamin, its main functions, and(or) class of cells/tissues/organs and also animals?  Vitamin B12 seems to be a very unique vitamin.