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Clemson AVS 8080 - Mineral Quiz

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Discussion Assignment #3 Location and species selection:1. Kenya is the area that I will be working in. This area is in need of a consistent and sustainable supply of nutrient dense food. With proper nutrition and management practices put in place many people may benefit for years to come. 2. Pigs of weaned age (either sex) will be the animal of choice for this project. Despite cultural or religious influences in the past that may have limited pork production, this operation will allow pork production in the area to have a foothold. A pig may be a more sustainable option for this area as opposed to cattle, goats, or other production species. The feed conversion efficiency and utilization of various feedstuffs makes the pig the most viable option. Diet formulation:3. Cassava is a major crop in the area, so cassava leaves will be fed to the pigs in this operation. Cassava leaves are palatable and result in fast growth in the animal. In addition to cassava, maize bran (local to the area) will be mixed with 4% poultry fat to avoid oily consistency in the feed and increase rate and efficiency of gain. Poultry fat is the fat of choice due to indigenous poultry being Kenya’s largest animal production. Poultry fat is similar in average daily gain (ADG) to choice white grease, and thus, is a good option for this operation. It also is has more metabolizable energy (ME) (8,180 Mcal) compared to choice white grease, which only has 7,955 Mcal ME. A quantity of 4% fat will be used, as this will slightly increase back fat while keeping the feed palatableand not overly oily. Fat will be mixed with the maize bran and fed to the pigs. Customer questions:1. Fats have limited solubility in water, the main medium through which digestion occurs, but through several digestive processes fat can be broken down and absorbed by the pig. Upon ingestion, feed is mixed with salivary lipase which initiates lipid digestion. The feed passes into the stomach. The presence of feed stimulates contractions of the gastrointestinal wall and gastric lipase secretion. Feed flows slowly into the upper part ofthe small intestine, also known as the duodenum. Here fats are mixed with bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic lipase from the pancreas. The mixing of fats with bile result in the emulsification of the fat globule, which means that large fat globule is broken down into smaller globules to start the process of becoming water soluble. This is similarto the Italian salad dressing you put on your salad. Pancreatic lipase will attach to the emulsion droplets and break down triglycerides into diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids (FFA). The hydrolytic FFA and monoglycerides mix with bile salts to form water-soluble micelles. The micelles are primarily absorbed in the jejunum throughthe enterocyte via molecular penetration. Triglycerides are re-formed and constitutivelyconstruct a lipid globule known as a chylomicron. The chylomicron is transported from the enterocytes to the lymphatic vessels and subsequently into the liver. 2. After fat is absorbed as its components, it is reformed into a triglyceride and made into a chylomicron. Absorption of fat following a meal is coupled with a spike in blood lipid concentration. Blood lipids are transported as lipoproteins ranging from very low density(VLDL) to high density (HDL). Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzed the triglyceride-rich chylomicron and converts to a fatty acid. Fatty acids are released by lipoprotein lipase and absorbed into adipocyte by molecular penetration. Triglycerides are then reformed inthe adipocyte and results in depot


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Clemson AVS 8080 - Mineral Quiz

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