HDFS 2317 1st Edition Lecture 20BREAKOUT ROOM Outline of Previous LectureI. Personality Development: Erik EriksonOutline of Current Lecture I. Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on GenderII. Cognitive InfluencesIII. Gender Stereotyping, Similarities, and DifferencesIV. Gender Development Through the Life SpanV. Exploring SexualityVI. Sexually Through the Life SpanCurrent LectureI. Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gendera. Biological Influencesi. Gender: Characteristics of being female or maleii. Gender role: Set of expectations prescribing how females and males should act, feel, and thinkiii. Gender typing: Process by which children acquire thoughts, behaviors, and feelings culturally appropriate for their genderiv. Sex: Designates the biological aspects of being female or malev. Chromosomes: 23rd pair with X and Yvi. HormonesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Estrogensa. Influences development of female physical sex characteristics and helps regulate menstrual cycle2. Androgensa. Testosterone promotes development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristicsb. Evolutionary psychology viewi. Differing roles in reproduction placed different pressures on males and femalesii. Key gender differences in sexual attitudes and sexual behaviors1. Males — competition, violence, risk-taking2. Females — parenting effort, selection of successful matec. Social influencesi. Differences due to social experiences1. Social role theory: Gender differences result from contrasting roles of men and women2. Psychoanalytic theory of gender: Claims child identifies with same-sex parent by age 5 or 63. Many disagree, claiming gender learned much earlier (even in absence of same-sex parent)4. Social cognitive theory of gender — gender development results from observation and imitation, use of rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate behaviorsa. Mothers’ socialization strategiesb. Fathers’ socialization strategiesc. Exposure to media, peers, other adults in cultureII. Cognitive Influencesa. Gender schema theory i. Gender typing emerges gradually in gender schemas of what is culturally gender-appropriate and inappropriateii. Gender-typed behavior can occur before children develop gender constancyiii. Schema: Cognitive structureiv. Gender schema: Organizes world in terms of male and femaleIII. Gender stereotyping, Similarities, and Differencesa. Gender stereotypingi. General impressions and beliefs about females and malesii. Traditional masculinity and femininity1. Males — instrumental traits2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-Lc9Mhi9l03. Females — expressive traits4. Roles and traits — unequal social status, poweriii. Developmentally1. Gender stereotyping present in 2-year-olds2. Stereotyping varies with culture 3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VqsbvG40Ww (interviews)4. https://screen.yahoo.com/chess-girls-000000603.html (Chess for girls)b. Gender similarities and differencesi. Physical differences1. Females a. have longer life expectancyb. less likely to develop mental or physical disorders2. Resistant to infections, more elastic blood vesselsa. Males have higher levels of stress hormones causing faster clotting and higher blood pressureii. Physical differences1. Female brains are smaller, have more folds2. Part of hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger in men3. Area of parietal lobe functioning in visuospatial skills is larger in males4. Areas of brain involved in emotional expression show more activity in femalesIV. Gender Development Through the Life Spana. Childhoodi. Children form many ideas about what the sexes are like from about 1½ to 3 years of ageii. Boys receive earlier and more intense gender socialization (e.g., “boy code”)1. Boys could benefit from more socialization to express emotions and better regulation of aggression2. Children show clear preference for same-sex peersV. Exploring Sexualitya. Biological and cultural factorsi. Biological1. Sexual behavior is influenced by sex hormones2. Sexual behavior is so individualized in humans that it is difficult to specify hormonal effectsii. Sexual motivation also influenced by cultural factorsVI. Sexually Through the Life Spana. Child sexualityi. Majority of children engage in some sex playii. Usually with friends or siblingsiii. Exhibiting or inspecting the genitalsiv. Most motivated by curiosityv. Sex play declines, but sexual interest remains high in elementary school