HDFS 2317 1st Edition Lecture 17Death and GrievingOutline of Previous LectureI. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PFqzYoKkCcII. Exploring EmotionIII. Emotional Competence Skills IV. Development of Emotiona. Developmental Changes in Emotions During Middle and Late ChildhoodV. Temperamenta. Developmental ConnectionsVI. Is “Hookup” Culture Leaving Your Generation Unhappy and Unprepared for Love?VII. Brene Brown - The Power of VulnerabilityOutline of Current Lecture I. The Death System and Cutural ContextsII. Defining Death and Life/ Death IssuesIII. A Developmental Perspective on DeathIV. Suicide Risk FactorsV. Facing One’s Own DeathVI. Coping with the Death of Someone ElseCurrent LectureI. The Death System and Cultural Contextsa. Components of the systemb. Most societies havei. Philosophical/religious beliefs, rituals/ritesii. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6hSK8CluxQc. Cultural variations of the death systemi. Death not as common in United States as elsewhere1. Conditioned early in life to live as if immortalii. Other countries1. Daily death on streets of Calcutta, IndiaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. African villages — death by disease and malnutrition3. Young orphans from tsunami in Indonesiaiii. Individuals more conscious of health and death in times/places of war, poverty, diseaseiv. Some members of society v. Death can mean1. Loneliness, happiness, redemptionvi. Most societies do not view death as an end to life1. Gond culture of India2. Tanala culture of Madagascarvii. U.S. Denial and Avoidance of Death1. Funeral industry emphasizes lifelike qualities2. Euphemisms — softening language for death3. Persistent search for “fountain of youth”4. Rejection and isolation of aged5. Concept of pleasant and rewarding afterlife6. Medical emphasis — prolonging life, not easing sufferingd. Changing Historical Circumstancei. Death becoming increasingly complex1. When to determine death has occurreda. Life expectancy has increasedb. Most die apart from familiesc. Care for dying shifted away from familyd. Minimized exposure to death and its painII. Defining Death and Life/ Death Issuesa. Issues in Determining Deathi. Brain death — neurological definition of death1. All electrical activity of brain has ceased for a specified period of time2. Flat EEG recording3. Some medical experts argue criteria for death should include only highercortical functioning ii. Natural Death Act and Advanced directive1. Patient in coma, living will2. Physicians concerns over malpractice lawsuitsiii. Euthanasia: painless ending, “mercy killing”iv. Passive Euthanasia: withholding treatments or life sustaining equipmentv. Active Euthanasia: deliberately inducedvi. Technical advances and issues of quality of life1. Terri Schiavo case http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cki55BM42kw2. Extraordinary medical procedures that may be used to sustain life when medical situation becomes hopelessvii. Publicized controversy: assisted suicide1. Dr. Jack Kavorkian in Michigan2. Legal in State of Oregon3. Legal in Netherlands and Uruguayb. Needed: Better Care for Dying Individualsi. Death in United States: often lonely, prolonged, painfulii. Plan for a “good” death1. Make a living will2. Give someone power of attorney3. Give your doctor specific instructions 4. Discuss desires with family and doctor5. Check insurance plan coverageiii. Hospice — humanized program committed to making the end of life as free frompain, anxiety, and depression as possible1. Palliative care — reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity2. Movement rapidly growing in United States3. 90% of care in person’s home4. Aided by Visiting Nurse AssociationsIII. A Developmental Perspective on Deatha. Death can occur at any point in human life spani. Prenatal — miscarriage or still-bornii. Infants — SIDSiii. Childhood — accidents and illnessiv. Adolescence — suicide, homicide, car accidentsv. Older adults — chronic diseaseb. Attitudes toward death at different points in the life spani. Honesty may be best way to discuss death with children1. Don’t see death same as adults do; don’t understand it2. About age 9 — sees finality and universality of death3. Explain in simple physical/biological terms to preschooler4. Be sensitive/sympathetic, encourage feelings/questionsc. Attitudes toward death at different points in the life spani. Adolescents1. Often view death as remote idea; not relevant to them2. Some show concern for death; seeking meaning3. More abstract in conceptions than childrena. Death described in terms of darkness, transition, etc.4. Develop religious and philosophical views of death and life afterwardsd. Attitudes toward death at different points in the life spani. Adulthood1. Middle-aged adults fear death more than young adults or older adults; older adults think about death more2. Increased awareness accompanies aging3. Older adults think and talk about it more in conversationsa. Experience it more directly through loss of friends4. Older dying adults – accepting; younger dying adults feel cheatede. Suicidei. Many factors create risks of suicideii. Cultural differences in suicide existiii. Gender: 1. Highest female rates in Sri Lanka and China2. Lowest female rates in Caribbean, Egypt, Syria3. Highest male rates in Lithuania and Russia4. Lowest male rate in Dominican Republiciv. Attitudes toward death1. Suicide in adolescencea. Third leading cause of death in ages10-19b. 17% of high school students seriously considered or tried suicidein last twelve monthsc. Females more likely to attempt it, males more successful at attemptsd. Males use more lethal meanse. Female Native Americans have highest risk; while females have lowest risk2. Adulthood and aginga. Stable rates in early, middle adulthood; increases in late adulthoodb. Highest rates among white older malesc. Male rates higher than female ratesd. Older adults i. Less likely to tell about suicide plansii. More successful attemptsiii. Use more lethal weaponsIV. Suicide Risk Factorsa. Serious physical illnessb. Feelings of disparity, isolation, failure, lossc. Serious financial problemsd. Drug use or prior suicide attemptse. Antidepressant linksf. Rare in childhood, risk increases in adolescenceg. Most adolescent attempts failh. Linked to genetic and situational factorsi. Gay and lesbian links not