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UH HDFS 2317 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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HDFS 2317 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Chapter # ofquestionson examFocus your studies on:1 11 - Characteristics of life-span perspective- Contemporary concerns- Developmental Processes- Periods of development- Correlation coefficients2 11 - Evolutionary psychology- Genetic expression- Heredity-Environment correlations/interaction- Epigenetic view- Apgar scores- Teratogens in pregnancy3 14 - Patterns of growth- Puberty- Blooming & Pruning- Brain lobes & functions- Lateralization- Aging- SIDS- Life expectancy- Theories of Aging5 14 - Dynamic Systems View- Reflexes- Gross motor skills, Fine motor skills- Culture variations- Ecological View- Perception & Sensation- Visual perception- Hearing- Intermodal perception- Gibson & Walk visual cliff experiment501 - Introduction- Characteristics of life-span perspectiveo Lifelong – conception to graveo Multidimensional – biological, cognitive, socioemotionalo Multidirectional – some parts of our body improve as we grow, evolutional (gain muscle mass, coordination), then decline (cognitive processing decreases, etc.)o Plastic – Brain has plasticity (ability to change)o Multidisciplinary – Many disciplines involved with development study (Neuroscientists, Sociologists, Counselors, Psychologists, Nurses, Anthropologists, Parents, etc)o Contextual – your macro and microsystem that will influence your development Normative age-graded influences - Milestones in our development (When we begin to walk, when we reach puberty or menopause…) Normative history-graded influences - Historical circumstances experienced (dealing with events like Kennedy assassination, Great Depression, battle for civil rights, etc.) Nonnormative life events - Unique to each person (cultural influences, loss of a parent, accident, child abuse, chronic illness, etc.)o Involves Growth, Maintenance, and the Regulation of Loss- Contemporary concernso Health and well-beingo Obesity, health care, povertyo Parenting and education- Developmental Processeso Development period — time frame in one’s life characterized by certain events Interplay of biological, cognitive, and sociological processes Each period has its own stresses, ups and downs, and concerns Variations in capabilities of same age individuals occur in all periods ofdevelopmento Conceptions of age Chronological age: How old are you? Biological age: Development of your biological self (skin health, muscle mass) Psychological age: Ability to adapt in a healthy way to your environment Social age: Social rules and expectations related to one’s age- Periods of developmento Prenatal Periodo Infancyo Early childhoodo Middle and late childhoodo Adolescenceo Early adulthoodo Middle adulthoodo Late adulthood- Correlation coefficients - # based on a statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.o Ranges from +1.00 to -1.00o The higher the CC (whether + or -), the stronger the association b/w 2 factorso Values above zero express a positive correlation: a relationship between two variables such that their values increase or decrease together.  Hours spent studying and grade point averages. Education and income levels. Poverty and crime levels. Evaluated stress levels and blood pressure readings. Smoking and lung disease.o Values below zero express negative correlation:  As the value of one variable increases, the other decreases. An increase in absences from school is related to a decrease in grades. An increase in alcohol consumption is related to a decrease in judgment. A coefficient of 0 to -.1 indicates a lack of correlation: There is no tendency for the variables to fluctuate in tandem either positively or negatively.2 - Biological Beginnings- Evolutionary psychologyo Natural selection - Evolutionary process where the best adapted individuals in a species survive and reproduce.o Natural selection and adaptive behavior - Darwin: On the Origin of Species (1859), all organisms must adapt in life.o Evolutionary psychology - Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior. Evolution explains human physical features and behaviorso Evolutionary developmental psychology - Explaining humans and their behavior Larger brains to adapt to complex society Take longer of any other mammal to mature Some of these behaviors today are problematic (wanting to gorge ourselves in food, sexual drive)- Genetic expressiono The collaborative gene Nucleus of a human cell: Chromosomes: Thread-like structures, DNA: Double helix-shaped molecule, Genes: Units of hereditary informationo Human Genome Project - 20,500 genes in humans, genetic expression and inherited traitso Genes and chromosomes Sources of variability- Each zygote (fertilized egg) is uniqueo Identical and fraternal twinso Muted genes due to environmental agento Genotype: All of your genetic makeupo Phenotype: Observable characteristics of genetic makeup (color of hair, bone structure, eye color…)- Heredity-Environment correlations/interactiono Passive genotype-environment - Parents provide the child’s environment. The child is PASSIVE in this dynamic.o Evocative genotype-environment - “Evoke” (To pull out). A child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environmental responses (ACTIVE)o Active (niche-picking) genotype environment - Child seek out environments they find stimulatingo Heredity directs environmental experienceso In infancy, environment mostly parent-controlledo As child ages, experiences extend beyond familyo Some environments can mute or strengthen genetic traitso Critics: Heredity gets too much creditNucleus:Chromosomes:Gene:- Epigenetic viewo Development is ongoingo There is a bidirectional interchange with heredityo The positive and negative experiences modify genetic activity- Apgarscores - heart, reflexes, and color - Teratogens in pregnancyo Severity of damage affected by dose (how much of that agent is produced), the genetic susceptibility of the fetus to that agent, and the time of exposure (not necessary how long, but when in development it was exposure)o Prescription, non-prescription drugso Psychoactive drugs like marijuana, cocaine, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine3 - Physical Development and Biological Aging- Patterns of growtho Cephalocaudal pattern - physical growth in size, weight, and in feature differentiation from top to bottomo Proximodistal pattern -


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