HDFS 2317 1st Edition Lecture 4Biological Beginnings Outline of Previous LectureI. 3 Common/ 1 Unique - Go around table and find common themes and unique traits.II. Fill out questionnaire asking about your opinion and guess on different issues in society dealing with development.Outline of Current Lecture I. The Evolutionary PerspectiveII. Genetic Foundations of DevelopmentIII. Heredity and Environment Interaction: The Nature-Nurture DebateIV. Prenatal DevelopmentV. Prenatal CareVI. BirthCurrent LectureI. The Evolutionary Perspectivea. Natural selection - Evolutionary process where the best adapted individuals in a species survive and reproduce.b. Natural selection and adaptive behavior - Darwin: On the Origin of Species (1859), all organisms must adapt in life.i. Going out on a date, do hair and makeup, change into nice clothesc. Evolutionary psychologyi. Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviorii. Evolution explains human physical features and behaviorsd. Evolutionary developmental psychologyi. Explaining humans and their behavior1. Larger brains to adapt to complex society2. Take longer of any other mammal to mature3. Some of these behaviors today are problematic (wanting to gorge ourselves in food, sexual driveII. Genetic Foundations of Developmenta. 1/20,000,000 of an ounce of a gene that you started out withb. The collaborative geneThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Nucleus of a human cell:1. Chromosomes: Thread-like structures2. DNA: Double helix-shaped molecule3. Genes: Units of hereditary information4. Look at Figure 2.3 in bookc. Human Genome Projecti. Goal to identify all genes of the human DNAii. 20,500 genes in humansiii. Genetic expression and inherited traitsiv. Cloningd. Genes and chromosomesi. Sources of variability1. Each zygote (fertilized egg) is uniquea. Identical and fraternal twinsb. Muted genes due to environmental agentc. Genotype: All of your genetic makeupd. Phenotype: Observable characteristics of genetic makeup (color of hair, bone structure, eye color…)III. Heredity and Environment Interaction: The Nature-Nurture Debatea. Behavior geneticsi. Studies genetic impact on traits and developmentii. Tests for genetic/ environmental influences1. Twin studiesa. Shared and nonshared factors2. Adoption studiesa. Effects of biological and adoptive parentsb. Heredity-environment correlationsi. Passive genotype-environment1. Parents provide the child’s environment. The child is PASSIVE in this dynamic.ii. Evocative genotype-environment1. “Evoke” (To pull out). A child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environmental responses (ACTIVE)iii. Active (niche-picking) genotype environment1. Child seek out environments they find stimulating2. An athletic kid will seek out athletic environments.iv. Heredity directs environmental experiencesv. In infancy, environment mostly parent-controlledvi. As child ages, experiences extend beyond familyvii. Some environments can mute or strengthen genetic traitsviii. Critics: Heredity gets too much creditix. Epigenetic view (Figure 2.9)1. Development is ongoing2. There is a bidirectional interchange with heredity3. The positive and negative experiences modify genetic activityIV. Prenatal Developmenta. Course of prenatal developmenti. Fetal period: lasts for 7 months, 3 trimestersii. Brain:1. 100 billion neurons (nerve cells)2. Neural tube formed from ectoderma. Birth defects can cause death, retardation3. Neurogenesis - New cells formed4. Neuronal migration - Cell specializationb. Hazards to Prenatal Developmenti. Teratogens1. Severity of damage affected by dose (how much of that agent is produced), the genetic susceptibility of the fetus to that agent, and the time of exposure (not necessary how long, but when in development it was exposure)2. Prescription, non-prescription drugs3. Psychoactive drugs like marijuana, cocaine, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine4. Fitgure 2.12 - Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on Prenatal Developmentii. Incompatible Blood Typesiii. Maturnal diseases (STDs, Rubella, AIDS, HIV, Measles)iv. Diet and Nutrition (Weight of mother, toxins in food)v. Maturnal agevi. Emotional stressvii. Environmental hazardsV. Prenatal Carea. Prenatal care varies around the worldi. Quality of medical care visits, educationii. Low-birth weight and infant mortality ratesiii. Outside the US: Free/Low cost prenatal care, liberal maternity leaveiv. Impact of cultural/ ethnic beliefs about pregnancyVI. Birtha. Assessing the newborni. Apgar scare: heart, reflexes, and color (REMEMBER FOR TEST) (Figure 2.14 shows the Apgar Scale - Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration)ii. BNBAS: a sensitive index of neurological competenceiii. NNNS: Analysis of behaviorb. Low birth weight (around 5 ½ pounds or less)i. Causes: poor maternal health, cigarette smoking, toxins in the environmentii. Consequences: Learning difficulties, ADHD, behavioral