HDFS 2317 1st Edition Lecture 2414 - Families, Lifestyles, and ParentingOutline of Previous LectureI. BreakoutOutline of Current Lecture I. Family ProcessesII. Diversity of Adult Life StylesIII. What Makes Marriages WorkIV. Marriage TypesV. Diversity of Adult Life StylesVI. ParentingVII. Parenting StylesCurrent LectureI. Family Processesa. Reciprocal socializationi. Individuals affected by five environmental systems1. Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem according to Bronfenbrennerii. Microsystem level: reciprocal socialization1. Bidirectional: children and parents socialize each otherb. Family as a social systemThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Sociocultural and historical changesi. Affects family processesd. Reciprocal socialization i. Changes in families: Children affected most1. High immigration rates of Latinos and Asians in the United Statesa. More stressors (language, identity, relocation, SES)2. Older adults have lost socializing role in the family3. More urban and suburban dwelling than in rural, on farms4. More family mobility across the United States5. More exposure to media and technology6. More divorces and remarriages; rising dissatisfaction II. Diversity of Adult Life Stylesa. Single adultsi. Being single1. Dramatic increase from 2000 to 2006 (ages 20 to 29)2. Single stereotypes3. Advantages and disadvantages 4. When deciding to settle down, changes occur in:a. Autonomous decisions on life course, developing personal resources for goals, personal scheduling, pursuit of interests and opportunities, privacy b. Cohabiting adultsi. Living together, unmarried, in a sexual relationshipii. United States: from 11% in 1970 to 60% today1. More likely in low-income than higher-earning situations2. Relationships more equal than those in marriage3. Cohabiting tends to be short-lived in United States 4. Single women at higher risk of abuse than married onesiii. Higher in countries other than the United Statesiv. Advantages and disadvantages of cohabitingc. Married adults i. Fulfillment of goals in and out of marriage have changed marriage; created new trends1. Changing male-female equality in marriage has created more fragile, intense marital relationships2. More adults remain single longera. Average for men (2007) – 27.5 yearsb. Average for women (2007) – 25.6 yearsc. Higher than any point in U.S. historyii. United States still a marrying society; divorce rates slowingd. What makes marriages work i. Establishing love mapsii. Nurturing fondness and admirationiii. Turning toward each other instead of awayiv. Letting your partner influence youv. Solving solvable conflictsvi. Overcoming gridlockvii. Creating shared meaninge. What makes marriages worki. Premarital education1. Improves quality of marriage2. May reduce risk of divorce3. Linked to higher commitment level to spouse, lower destructive level in marital conflictii. Benefits of a good marriage1. Longer, healthier lives 2. Lower levels of depression, anxiety, angerIII. What Makes Marriages Worka. Typical areas of marital conflict even in happy marriagesi. Workii. Stressiii. In-lawsiv. Moneyv. Sexvi. Houseworkvii. New babyIV. Marriage Typesa. Validating - couples rarely let disagreements escalate. They listen to each other’spoints, and express mutual respect when they disagree.b. Volatile – couple squabbles a lot and don’t listen to each other very well, but they also laugh and show affection and find common ground in the end.c. Avoidant – couples don’t try to persuade each other - they simply agree to disagree without getting angry. Often, problems are avoided and not solved.d. Hostile Negative – couples show high levels of anger toward each other , and the wife expresses disappointment and negative emotions directed at husband.e. Emotionally Unexpressive – couples show extreme lack of emotion, either positive or negative. There is little affection, humor, or facial expression. It appears that they don’t care.V. Diversity of Adult Life Stylesa. Divorcei. Stress of separation, divorce risks: psychological and physical difficulties1. Psychiatric disorders, hospital admission, clinical depression, alcoholism, sleep disorders, chronic health problemsb. Dealing with divorcei. A chance for personal growth ii. Make decisions carefullyiii. Focus more on the future than on pastiv. Use your strengths and resourcesv. Don’t expect success, happiness in all you dovi. You’re never trapped by one pathwayvii. Custodial/non-custodial parental issuesc. Divorced in Middle and Older Adultsi. Main reason for staying married: Childrenii. Main causes of divorce 1. For womena. Verbal, physical, emotional abuse (23%)b. Alcohol or drug abuse (18%), cheating (17%)2. For mena. No obvious problems, just fell out of love (17%)b. Cheating (14%), different values, lifestyles (14%)VI. Parentinga. Parental Rolesi. Many plan to be parents; others are startledii. Needs and expectations stimulate mythsb. Timing of parenthood i. Advantages of having children early and laterc. Transition to parenting requires adaptingi. Choices of how to become parentsii. Career and role decisionsd. Parents As Managersi. Provide opportunities, monitor, act as social arrangers for childrenii. Teach child to be independent, make competent decisionsiii. Serve as regulators of childreniv. Effective management produces best outcomes1. Important in adolescence due to social contexts availablev. Parenting styles and disciplinevi. No quick-fix approaches work; good parenting takes time and effortvii. Quality more important than quantityviii. Baumrind’s parenting styles 1. Authoritarian — restrictive, punitive2. Authoritative — warm, supportive, accountability stressed3. Neglectful — uninvolved in child’s life, no controls/norms4. Indulgent — highly involved, child sets rules, no controlsVII. Parenting Stylesa. Authoritarian – a restrictive punitive style in which parents place firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange – “my way or the highway!” Children are often unhappy, fearful, and anxious.b. Authoritative – parents encourage children to be independent, but still place limits and controls on their actions. Verbal give-and-take is allowed and parents are warm and nurturing toward child. Children are self-controlled, cooperative and cope well, as a