KIN 123 1st Edition Lecture 13 Chapter 12 Cardiovascular Disease Introduction o Cardiovascular Disease CVD Leading cause of death in the US Affects nearly 81 million Americans Claims one life every 37 seconds About 2400 Americans every day CVD is primarily due to our way of life Cardiovascular system o Heart blood vessels o The blood vessels Veins carry blood back to the heart Thin walls o Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Thick elastic walls which expand and relax with the volume of blood Coronary arteries Two large arteries that supply blood to the heart Capillaries one cell thick Thin walled to allow exchange of gases o A 150lb person has about 5quarts of blood which circulates about once each minute o Systole the hearts contraction the atria ventricles are pumping the blood out of the heart and to the body o Diastole the period of relaxation the ventricles atria are filling back up with blood o Pulmonary circulation Right side of the heart pumps blood to and from the lungs o Systemic circulation Left side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body Risk factors for cardiovascular disease o Two categories of increased CVD Major risk factors Contributing risk factors Controllable aspects of lifestyle that can t be changed Major risk factors that can be changed American Heart Association identified 6 of these o Tobacco use o High blood pressure o High levels of cholesterol o Physical inactivity These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Obesity o Diabetes Major risk factors that can t be changed Heredity CVD has a genetic component high cholesterol levels blood clotting and obesity Aging over the age of 65 the risk is higher Being male men have a higher risk earlier in life Ethnicity African Americans have a higher risk of hypertension Hispanics have a greater risk of high blood pressure and angina Asians have lower rates of CVD Contributing risk factors that can be changed High triglyceride levels o Reliable predictor of heart disease Psychological and social factors o Stress chronic hostility and anger suppressing psychological distress depression anxiety social isolation low SES Alcohol and drugs Major forms of CVD o Atherosclerosis narrowing of arteries by fatty deposits Starts during childhood Coronary artery disease CAD Peripheral arterial disease o Myocardial infarction heart attack Heart tissue is damaged and part of it may die from lack of blood oxygen American heart association 600 000 people have a first heart attack each year 320 000 people have recurrent attack 190 000 people suffer a symptomless or silent heart attack each year Heart attack symptoms may include Chest pain or pressure Arm neck or jaw pain Difficulty breathing Excessive sweating Nausea and vomiting Loss of consciousness o Angina arteries narrowed by disease ok at rest but under stress heart cannot receive enough oxygen Angina pectoris Usually felt as extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder neck arm hand or back o Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death Electrical conduction system is disrupted Detecting and treating heart disease o Electrocardiogram ECG or EKG o Electron beam computed tomography EBCT o Echocardiograph sound waves o Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI o Nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging o Positron Emission Tomography PET o Angiogram o Balloon Angioplasty o Coronary Bypass Surgery Stroke or Cardiovascular Accident CVA o 780 000 Americans suffer strokes each year o 2 million brain cells die per minute during a stroke o Ischemic stroke blockage in blood vessels Thrombotic stroke clot forms in a cerebral artery hypertension Embolic Stroke wandering blood clot o Hemorrhagic stroke blood vessel ruptures in the brain Intracerebral hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage Aneurysm o The effects of a stroke Interruption of the blood supply to any area of the brain prevents the nerve cells from functioning in some cases causing death Those who survive generally have some lasting disability Paralysis Walking disability Speech impairment Memory loss Changes in behavior o Detecting and treating stroke Promote recognition of symptoms Sudden numbness or weakness of face arm leg or one side of the body Loss of speech or difficulty speaking Dimming or loss of vision in one eye Unexplained dizziness in relation to other symptoms Transient ischemic attack TIA o Temporary stroke like symptoms Computed tomography CT MRI Ultrasound Drugs Carotid endarterectomy surgery plaque is removed from the artery Rehabilitation o Physical therapy o Speech and Language therapy o Occupational therapy Protecting yourself against CVD o Eat heart healthy o o o o o o o o Decreased fat and cholesterol Total fats less than 30 of total calories Low saturated fats Increased fiber intake Decreased sodium intake and increased potassium intake Moderation of alcohol Moderate physical activity Avoid tobacco Know and manage your blood pressure measured once every 2 years Effective means of controlling stress and anger