PSYC 1001 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 24-28 Lecture 24 (March 13)What is transduction?- The conversion of one form of energy into another; in sensation, transformation of stimulus energies into neural signals.What are floaters?- Bits of material in the eye that cast shadows on the retina.What is the retina and what does it do?- Light-sensitive inner surface of the eye.- Functions: Absorbs light, starts processing the image.What is a blind spot and how do we ‘see’ with it?- Place where the optic nerve exits the eye. - The eye ‘guesses’ what should be there and fills it in.- Contains receptors of vision which are caused by a chemical reaction from photons of light. What is the main visual pathway?- Retina to optic nerve to thalamus to occipital lobe.What are the differences between rods and cones?o Rods Coneso 120 million 6 milliono Sensitive in dim light Not sensitive in dim lighto Black and white vision Color Visiono Concentrated in the periphery Concentrated in foveao Many-to-one neural connections One-to-one neuralo Not sensitive to details Sensitive to detailsWhat is the central point of focus in the eye?- The fovea.What are feature detectors?- Neurons in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus.o Lines of a certain orientation.o Shapes, angles and movements.What is parallel processing?- This lets the brain process several features at the same time.o Color, motion, shape, etc. Lecture 25 (March 16)What is perception?- Let’s you select, organize and interpret sensations.- Adds something to sensations. What is selective attention?- Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.What is a Necter Cube?- Discovered in 1960’s.- Used in selective attention.-What is the cocktail party effect?-The ability to attend to only one voice among many.-Also can refer, to when you hear your name from another conversation over the rest of the noise in the room.What is organization?-Where we perceive objects as distinct from their surroundings.-Occurs visually.What is a figure-ground?-Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out against their surroundings (the ground).-Face Vases Reversible Figures: What is Gestalt Psychology?- Famous for saying: ‘Whole is more/different than the sum of its parts.’- First studied in 1910. Lecture 26 (March 20)What is restored vision?-When vision is restored after being blind from an early age.-Perceive color and figure-ground.-Have trouble identifying shapes and distances.What is perceptual adaptation and perceptual set?-PA: The ability to object to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field.-PS: A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.o Due to experience, assumptions and expectations.What are the four types of extra sensory perception (ESP)?-Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication.-Clairvoyance: Perceiving remote events.-Precognitions: Perceiving future events.-Psychokinesis: Mind affecting matter.What are the types of evidence for parapsychology?-Personal Experienceo But odd things happen by chance.o Sometimes do not notice disconfirming evidence. -ResearchWhat is the Ganzfeld Research?-Has a receiver and a sender.-Trying to see if the two people, who are separated, can send telekinesis thoughts to each other about pictures, verses, etc. (objects).-Found:o 25% correct and 35% across studies could convey the message.What was the overall result of the follow-up Ganzfeld experiments?-Choosing the target picture occurred at the chance level.Lecture 27 (March 30)What do most psychologists believe about ESP today?-That there is no reliable (replicable) evidence that anyone actually possesses ESP.What is consciousness?-Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.What is the significance of William James?-Developed the idea of a stream of consciousness.-Believed that consciousness moves, flows and changes and that there are different levels of consciousness.What are controlled processes?-Requires alert awareness, attention and interference with ongoing activities.-Preformed serially (one process as a time) and slowly.What are automatic processes?-Occurs with little awareness, requires minimal attention and does not interfere with other activities.-Preformed in parallel (more than one process at a time) and quickly.-Controlled processes can become automatic with practice. What is daydreaming?-Decreases with age and college kids spend about 1/3 of the time awake, daydreaming.-Usually daydream about really common everyday occurrences.How can daydreaming be tested?-Experience-Sampling methods which uses pagers or pocket computers (IPhones).o Randomly sound the IPhone throughout the day.o Answer and ask:What are you doing?What are you feeling?What are you thinking?o This works because it’s anonymous. How is daydreaming healthy for you?-Helps you relax.-Helps you endure frustration.-Alleviates boredom.-Rehearses possible approaches to everyday problems.-No link has been found between frequent daydreaming and poor mental health. What is a fantasy-prone personality?-Someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and spendsa considerable time fantasizing. Approximately what percentage of the population has fantasy-prone personalities?-Less than 10% of population. About how much time is spent daydreaming daily?-About half of the waking time. Lecture 28 (April 1)What is hypnoses?-A social interaction which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur.What three things are hypnotic inductions designed to do?-Minimize external distractions.-Encourage concentration on only the suggested stimuli (like a watch).-Encourage belief that the subject is about to enter a special stage of consciousness.What are some features of hypnosis?-Enriches fantasy.-Cognitive positivity.-Hyper-selective attention.What are some phenomena of hypnosis?-Anesthesia-Hallucinations-Age Regression-Post Hypnotic Suggestion-DisinhibitionWhat is Post Hypnotic Suggestion?-A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.o Like, when you tell a subject a ‘magic’ word and when they hear this wordthey get up and do the action/activity the hypnotist told them during the session.What is disinhibition?-When you do things you would not normally do.Do major changes in the brain state occur during hypnosis?-No.What