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CU-Boulder PSYC 1001 - Final Exam Study Guide
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PSYC 1001 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideLecture 31 (April 6)What are biological rhythms?-Daily rhythms that many of our physiological functions and activities like sleep, body temperature and alertness. Describe 90 minute rhythms?-Changes in alertness and daydreaming. What are circadian rhythms?-Sleep, body temperature, blood pressure and urine production. What are 28-day rhythms?-Menstrual cycle. What are yearly rhythms?-Seasonal affective disorder, changes in sexual activity. What are the physiological changes during sleep in each stage?- Stage 1: Breathing and heart rate slow down.- Stage 2: Little or no eye movements, some muscle tone, sleep spindles and K-complexes. - Stage 3 and 4: Little or no eye movement, some muscle tone, Delta Waves (low frequency and high amplitude)- REM sleep: Rapid eye movement, EEG Waves (high frequency and low amplitude), heart rate speeds up and fast/shallow breathing.What psychological phenomena occur during the sleep stages?- Stage 1: Hypnogogic Imagery (Sensory experience at the on-set of sleep).- Stage 2: Mundane Thinking.- Stages 3 and 4: Little or no thinking reported, Bedwetting and sleep walking (at the end of these stages).- REM: Vivid Dreaming, Tonic Events, Phase Events, Hypnoparpie Imagery (Sensory experience upon awakening).When does hypnogogic imagery occur?- Going from relaxed wakefulness to sleep.What is a major milestone in the scientific study of sleep?-Aserinsky and Kleitman’s discovery of REM sleep in the 1950s.What are the three basic physiological measures of human sleep?- EEG – brain activity, EMG – muscle tone, EOG – eye movement.When does hypnopompic imagery occur?- Upon awakening.During which sleep stage does sleepwalking and bedwetting normally occur?- At the end of stages 3 and 4. What are tonic events?- Continuous throughout REM sleep and this is relaxed muscle tone.- The muscle tone is relaxed so to protect ourselves from our dreams.o Most of dreaming happens during this stage and a side effect can be penis and clitoris erections.What are phasic events?- Periodic: eye movements, middle ear twitching and muscle twitching.How does the length of sleep stages change throughout the night?-Increases as it goes:o Stage 1: 5-10 minuteso Stage 2: 20 minuteso Stages 3 and 4: 30 minutes At the beginning!How does the length of sleep stages change throughout the night?-REM periods increase in duration throughout the night and Delta sleep decreasesin duration throughout the night. What is the length of one cycle of sleep?- A 90-minute cycle imposed on a 24-hour cycle.How do sleep stages change with age?-The myth that sleep stages decrease with age is not necessarily true but there is a decrease in REM sleep with age.-Average/per day:o Newborn: 16 hours and 50% of sleep is REM.o 3 year old: 12 hourso 5 year old: REM sleep duration begins to taper off and remains at 20% REM sleep for the rest of your life.o 18 year old: 8 hourso 50 years old: 6 hoursWhat is the manifest content of a dream?-The remembered storyline from a dream. What is latent content?-The meaning of a dream. Lecture 32 (April 10)What are the effects of sleep deprivation on a normal person?-Suppression of immune responses, impaired creativity, slowed performance, get sleepy, and become agitated and impulsive.What are the effects of REM sleep deprivation?-People become agitated and impulsive and tend to show REM rebound.According to the research described in class what is the effect of total sleep deprivation on rats?-Death. o Autopsy showed signs of extreme stress on the rats.How were the rats prevented from sleeping?- Forced walking and dipping in water.What are yoked controls?-The control animal is paired with an experimental animal and each animals receives the same treatment but the treatment is controlled by the experimental animal’s behavior. What is REM rebound?-The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.What are the 4 major types of sleep theories?-Protection, Recuperation, Aids Memory and Growth. o Protection: Stay out of harm’s way when we do not perform well.o Recuperation: Restores and repairs brain tissue and also seems to aid theimmune system. o Growth: Growth hormone is released by pituitary gland during delta sleep (deep sleep).What are psychoactive drugs?-Chemicals that change perception and moods. What are the misconceptions about addiction?-They are not as irresistible as commonly believed. What is tolerance?-Users brain chemistry adapts to the drug, the person’s brain, heart and liver suffer damage. What is dependence both physical and psychological?-User experiences physical pain from withdrawal and can have negative emotions.What are depressants and their behavioral effects?-Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates and they slow neural processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness and self-control and expectancy effects. What are stimulants and their behavioral effects?-Methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy and increases body heat and breathing, blood sugar rises, energy and self-confidence also rise. What are hallucinogens and their behavioral effects?-LSD, marijuana and they distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absenceof sensory input. Lecture 33 (April 13)The relationship between REM sleep and non-REM sleep and dreaming?-Awakening from REM sleep: subjects report dreams 80% to 90% of time; 15% from non-REM sleep.What are some research methods for dreams?- Surveys, diaries, sleep lab (usually the most dependable method is the sleep lab).What is content analysis of dreams?-Putting content of dream reports into categories and statistically examining the occurrence ofthis content.What are first night effects?-Many sleep characteristics are unusual first in a sleep lab (dreams are influenced by the lab).o Including dreams and is very effective. How does wearing red-tinted goggles affect dreaming?-Woken during the first REM the dream would be in red, woken during the second REM would be pink and woken during the third REM there would be no influence after that.-This is where you wear red-tinted goggles during the day.-Not very effective though. What are lucid dreams?-Know you are dreaming and often can take voluntary control of the action within the dream.-Very effective and coined by Stephen Laberge. What is stimulating while dreaming?-This is where you stimulate different things while someone is sleeping to see if it is incorporated in their dreams.o


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