ANTR 350 1st EditionExam #3 Study Guide Lectures: 18-25Lecture 18-pelvic girdle-support and protection-specialized for weight bearing -attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton-articulations-sacroiliac-type: amphiarthrodial-attaches lower limb to axial skeleton-pubic symphisis: between right and left hip bones-structural type: cartilaginous joint, symphisis, amphiarthrodial-hip: between hip bone and head of femur-synovial joint, ball and socket, diarthrodial-femur-located in thigh-largest bone-head: proximal and medial-neck: attaches head to shaft-greater trochanter: lateral, attachment of hip and gluteal muscle-lesser trochanter: smaller posteromedial projection, attachment of hip flexor muscle-shaft-medial and lateral epicondyles-medial and lateral condyles: distal, smooth, rounded articular surface, attachment of gastrocs muscle-patellar surface: distal and anterior, articulates with patella-patella-located anterior to knee joint; sesamoid bone: forms within quadriceps tendon-articulations-patellofemoralLecture 19-hip-joint type: ball and socket, triaxial, synovial, diarthrodial-knee-joint type: hinge, synovial-medial and lateral menisci: fibrocartilage pads (c-shape)-modify the shape of tibial surface-wedge shaped cross section thicker at external edges-shock absorbers-flexion greater than 90 degrees is destructive-ligaments-medial collateral ligament-distal femur to proximal tibia-lateral collateral ligament-distal femur to head of fibula-anterior cruciate ligament-anterior tibia; intercondylar eminence to intercondylar fossa-posterior cruciate ligament-interdondylar eminence to intercondylar fossa-patellar ligament-anterior; patella to tibial tuberosity-popliteal ligament: posterior ligament-osteoarthritis-degenerative joint disease-includes articular cartilage, meniscus and bone-most common type of arthritis-non-inflammatory in etiology-effects diarthrodial synovial joints-older age wear and tear-ligament rupturesLecture 20-muscles of lower limb-larger and more powerful than upper limb-separated into 4 groups-buttocks-thigh-leg-foot-gluteal muscles-gluteus maximus: powerful thigh extensor; inferior gluteal nerve-gluteus medius and minimus: abduction at hip; superior gluteal nerve-lateral rotators-thigh muscles-divided into 3 sections by fascia lata and intermuscular septa-anterior:-muscles: iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris, Sartorius-action: all extend knee-innervation: femoral nerve-medial:-muscles: adductor magnus, longus, and brevis, gracilis-action: thigh adduction-innervation: obturator nerve-posterior: -muscles: hamstrings (ST, SM, BF)-action: flex knee-innervation: sciatic nerve-leg muscles-divided into 3 compartments by crural facia, intermuscular septa, and interosseus membrane-anterior: -muscles: TA, EDL, EHL-action: dorsiflexion-innervation: deep fibular nerve-lateral:-muscles: fibularis longus and brevis-actions: foot eversion-innervation: superficial fibular-posterior:-muscles: -superficial: gastrocs, soleus-deep: FHL, FDL, TP-action: plantar flexion-innervation: tibial nerve-intrinsic foot muscles-location: 20 total within foot, only 2 are on dorsal foot-actions: flexion of toes, help to maintain balance and grip surface while walking-innervation: tibial nerveLecture 21-lumbar plexus-located within the psoas major muscle-gives rise to…-femoral nerve: enters anterior thigh by passing deep to inguinal ligament-obturator nerve-lumbosacral trunk-not part of lumbar plexus-connects lumbar and sacral plexuses-sacral plexus-gives rise to…-pudendal nerve: exits pelvis through greater sciatic notch-inferior and superior gluteal nerves: supply the gluteal muscles-sciatic nerve: huge nerve: enters gluteal region deep to gluteus maximimus-supplies motor information to posterior thigh muscles-supplies sensory information from posterior thigh-emerges inferior to piriformis muscles-sciatic nerve divisions-tibial nerve-common fibular nerve-superficial fibular nerve-deep fibular nerveLecture 22-biofeedback: a relaxation technique to influence some ANS functions (ie blood pressure)-effector organs: -cardiac muscle-smooth muscle-glands-two neuron sequence-1st neuron: located in CNS-lateral gray horn of spinal cord or brainstem-2nd neuron: located in PNS-peripheral ganglia-divisions-parasympathetic: craniosacral-rest and digest-sympathetic: throracolumbar-fight or flightLecture 23-sympathetic-anatomically designed to permit a generalized response to stress, -whether it’s physical (Injury), -physiological (Exercise), -or psychological (Fear or anxiety); -called the “fight or flight or fright” system. -blood flow-decreased diameter (vasoconstriction) = decreased flow à increased Blood Pressure-increased diameter (vasodilation) = increased flow à decreased Blood Pressure-distribution-sympathetic: all regions in body (organs, limbs, skin, blood vessels & glands)-parasympathetic: head & neck; trunk; glands (except sweat glands)-does NOT innervate the upper or lower limb-sympathetic innervation-blood vessels-glands throughout the body-sweat glands receive ONLY sympathetic innervation.-visceral organs of the head and neck-visceral organs of the thoracic cavity-visceral organs of the abdomen and pelvis -“Thoracolumbar” divisionpreganglionic cell bodies are located in the lateral gray horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord, T1-L2Lecture 24-sympathetic system responses-cardiovascular system-accelerate heart rate and increase contractility-vasoconstriction of blood vessels-respiratory system-dilate airways à inc. airflow-eye-dilate pupils-makes lens thinner to improve long-distance vision, increase field of view-mobilization of metabolic substrates for ATP production-skin-increase sweat gland secretion-stimulate arrector pili mm.-gastrointestinal system-overall decrease in activity, thicker saliva-parasympathetic-“Rest, Digest and Restore”-has a more limited distribution in the body-viscera of head (eyes and lacrimal and salivary glands), -viscera within the ventral body cavities, -erectile tissues of male and female genitalia-NO innervation to limbs, sweat glands, blood vessels, or skin-“craniosacral” division because the preganglionic cell bodies are located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord -postganglionic cell bodies are located in or near the organ innervated à preganglionic axons are relatively long & postganglionic axons are short -functions of parasympathetic-reduction in heart rate-constriction of respiratory passageways.-increased smooth