ANTR 350 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 26-33Lecture 26-Angio = (blood or lymph) vessel – Angiogram- x-ray of arteries-Brady- = prefix denoting slowness – Bradycardia = slowing of heart rate to less than 50 beats per minute -Endo = within – Endoderm = inner of the three germ layers of the early embryo -Epi = above, surrounding – Epicardium = layer of tissue immediately surrounding the heart (part of pericardium), the outermost layer of the heart wall. -Myo- = prefix denoting muscle – Myocardial infarction = death of a segment of heart muscle, which follows interruption of its blood supply -Peri = surrounding or around (Latin)– Perinatal = around the time of birth-Tachy- = prefix denoting fast, rapid– Tachycardia = rapid heart beat-Cardio- = prefix denoting the heart– Cardiomegaly = enlargement of the heart -Hem/Hemato = relating to blood– hemostasis = arrest of bleeding -Leuko-: Prefix meaning white– leukocyte (white blood cell)-Cardia/Cardium = word ending associated with the heart– Myocardium- muscle of the heart-gram/ -graph = indicating a type of drawing, writing, or record– Angiogram, Electocardiograph-cardiovascular system-Functions-Transportation of gases, nutrients, and metabolic waste products-Blood = Plasma + Formed Elements-Formed Elements = RBC + WBC + platelets-Heart-About the size of your fist-Four-chambered DOUBLE pump in humans-Right pump sends blood through the PULMONARY CIRCUIT-Left pump sends blood through the SYSTEMIC CIRCUITLecture 27-cardiac tamponade-Sudden build-up of fluid in the pericardial cavity is a medical emergency -Inhibits the heart’s ability to pump blood-Long term buildup of fluid may be less severe because the pericardium will stretch slowly to accommodate the fluid-Surfaces of heart1. Sternocostal surface-Anterior surface-Faces the anterior chest wall-Composed primarily of RIGHT ventricle2. Diaphragmatic surface-Inferior surface-Rests on the diaphragm-Composed of both R & L ventricles3. L & R Pulmonary surfaces-Left surface-Nestled against the left lung-Left Ventricle-Right surface-Nestled against the right lung-Right Atrium -valves-2 atrioventricular (AV) valves -Tricuspid-between Right atrium & R ventricle-3 cusps (tri)-Bicuspid (Mitral)-between Left Atrium & L Ventricle-2 cusps (bi)-Composed of:-Papillary muscles-Chordae tendineae-Cusps-semilunar valves-Pulmonary – between Right Ventricle & pulmonary trunk-Aortic – between Left Ventricle & aorta-Composed of cuspsLecture 28-structure of blood vessels-Flexible, hollow, branching tube-Hollow central canal is called the lumen-lumen is surrounded by 3 concentric layers of tissue called tunics-tunica adventitia: outermost layer-tunic media: middle layer-layer of smooth muscle tissue which is innervated by autonomic nervous system-tunica interna: innermost layer-classification of blood vessels-arteries: carry blood away from heart-3 types-elastic-largest-capable of withstanding large pressure changes-muscular-high percentage of smooth muscle-medium sized-represent most of the named arteries in body-arterioles-small-control the amount of blood flowing into capillary beds-veins: carry blood towards the heart-carry high volume of blood at slow speed-2 kinds-veins-small, medium and large-venules-comparable to arterioles-capillaries: smallest blood vessels-found throughout body and in most organs-very thin walled-some have gaps in their walls-do not have tunica externa or tunica mediaLecture 29-general circulation-VentriclesàArteriesàArterioles àCapillary BedàVenulesàVeinsàAtria-arteries diverge (have branches)-veins converge (have tributaries)-pulmonary circulation-blood returning from the body to the right atrium of the heart must FIRST travel to the lung before being pumped back out to the body-pulmonary trunk-the pulmonary trunk exits the right ventricle of the heart on its anterior surface-anatomically the pulmonary trunk sits slightly left of and anterior to the ascending aorta-pulmonary arteries-superior to the heart and inferior to the aortic arch, the pulmonary trunk bifurcates intothe right and left pulmonary arteries-right pulmonary artery passes posterior to the ascending aorta on its way to the right lung-left pulmonary artery passes anterior to the descending aorta on its way to the left lung-pulmonary veins-four pulmonary veins -2 on the right and 2 on the left-return blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heartLecture 30-systemic circuit-veins carry blood towards the heart-have highly variable branching pattern-slow flow-high volume-veins more distensible than arteries-normal 60-70% of all blood is in body is contained within the venous sytem-majority of blood is on the venous side-veins-body has 2 systems of veins that are connected together by communicating veins-valves allow blood to flow from the superficial veins into the deep veins-failure of these valves to function properly is a cause of varicose veins-portal system-portal hypertension: blockage of the portal system-can result in caput medussae-blood reroutes through the superficial veins of the abdomenLecture 31-structures that make up the respiratory system-nose-nasal cavity-oral cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchial tree-lungs-functions-respiration: gas exchange-replenish O2-eliminate CO2-linked to the cardiovascular system; failure of either organ system leads to rapid cell death-pulmonary embolism: obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a thrombus (blood clot)-blocks flow to the lungs-increases pressure in right ventricle and decreases gas exchange -can cause acute respiratory distress and death-airway obstruction-constriction of the airway from inflammation or asthma-or choking: foreign object blocks some part of the airway-the pharynx, larynx, trachea, or bronchi-non respiratory functions-olfaction: smell-filtering, warming, and moistening air-producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or nonverbal communication-defending the respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms-metabolic functions: acid-base balance; balances level of CO2 iLecture 32-nose: bone and cartilage that are covered externally by muscle and skin; lined with mucous membrane-external nose-bony framework: left and right nasal bones-cartilaginous framework: creates shape-external nares: nostrils-nasal cavity-boundaries-superior: frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid-lateral: ethmoid, inferior nasal conchae, maxillae, palatines, lacrimals-inferior: maxillae,