ANTR 350 1st editionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 34-41Lecture 34-division of organs-accessory organs-food does not pass through-facilitate digestion-ie mouth, tongue, oral cavity-GI tract organs-hollow tube-mouth to anal orifice-lined by epithelial tissue-goals-obtain nutrients from ingested food-eliminate solid wastes-functions-ingestion: physical process of consumption-digestion: breakdown of large food into smaller pieces-mechanical-mouth: mastication (chewing)-stomach and intestines: smooth muscle contraction-chemical: break down of nutrients by enzymes-enzymes: amylase, trypsin, intestinal enzymes-absorption-metabolism: processing of absorbed material-mainly done by liver-defecation: elimination of any undigested or unabsorbed material that contains no nutrients-terminal colon: responsible for defecationLecture 35-oral cavity-lined by mucous membrane-functions-digestive-mastication: chewing-chemical digestion of starch via amylase enzyme-lubrication of food for swallowing via saliva-formation of a bolus-teeth: similar to bone but harder (more mineralized)-hard enamel covers soft dentin-held within the alveoli of the maxilla and mandible in gomphosis joint-periodontal ligament: anchors teeth -extends from dentin to alveolar bone-initial stage of mechanical digestion-crown: enamel part of tooth; washed by saliva-root: extension of dentin into alveolus: contains neurovasculature in pulp cavity of root canal-tongue: organ of taste and speech-Assists with chewing and swallowing by compressing and moving food to the posterior part of the oral cavity-skeletal muscle covered by specialized mucous membrane-intrinsic and 4 pairs of extrinsic mm.Lecture 36-parotid glands-largest-produces 25% of daily saliva output-anterior and inferior to the ear-partly overlying the masseter muscle-parotid duct-courses anteriorly across the masseter-pierces the buccinator m. opening into the mouth just lateral to the 2nd upper molars-important anatomical relationship the Facial nerve (CN VII) passes through the parotid, but does not innervate it-clinical correlate: parotid gland tumor-abnormal swelling-slow growing-usually benign-may impair facial nerve-submandibular glands-found along the inferomedial surface of the mandible-superficial; palpable-inferior to the corner of the mandible-produce 70% of the daily saliva-but smaller than parotid glands-ducts open lateral to the lingual frenulum-open into the floor of the mouth; next to opening of sublingual glandsLecture 37-thoracic diaphragm is composed of 2 separate body cavities-thoracic cavity: superior to diaphragm-abdominopelvic cavity: inferior to diaphragm-abdominopelvic regions-9 of them-intersection of 2 transverse and 2 sagittal planes-transverse:-subcostal plane-supracristal plane-sagittal:-left midclavicular plane-right midclavicular plane-abdominopelvic quadrants: 4 regions (quadrants)-formed by intersection of median plane and transumbilical plane-membranes of abdominopelvic cavity-peritoneum: single continuous sheet of serous membrane-visceral peritoneum: invests most organs-parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal cavity wall-peritoneal cavity: wafer-thin potential space between visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum layersLecture 38-abdominal cavity organization-central gut tube suspended from the anterior and posterior body walls by mesenteries-abdominal organs are either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal-intraperitoneal: -covered in visceral peritoneum-have always had mesentery-include: stomach, liver, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon-retroperitoneal:-located posterior to the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity-true retroperitoneal organs never had mesentery-include: kidneys, ureters, IVC, abdominal aorta, muscles of posterior wall-infraperitoneal organs-located inferior to parietal peritoneum of abdomen-loosely covered or draped by parietal peritoneum-allows organs to expand as they fill-includes: bladder, uterus, rectum-divisions of the peritoneal cavity-greater sac: majority of the peritoneal cavity-lesser sac: a small portion of the peritoneal cavity-posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum-when a patient is supine, this is the most inferior region in the abdomenLecture 39-terminology-Urology:-the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary system, and the male reproductive system-Gynecology:- the study and treatment of the diseases of the female reproductive system, including the breasts; wheraas, -Obstetrics: - deals with the care of women during and after pregnancy.-Andrology:-the study of male reproductive health.-Nephrology—the branch of medicine that deals with the structure, function, and diseases of thekidneys-Nephritis—inflammation of the kidneys-functions of the urinary system-Responsible for water and electrolyte balance, which helps to regulate blood volume, pressure, and composition, and maintain a normal acid-base balance (“pH”)-Excretion of toxic compounds (nitrogenous wastes like urea and creatinine) and various drugs (e.g. penicillin)-Reabsorption of important nutrients (glucose, amino acids) for reuse-Stimulation of RBC production by secretion of erythropoietin-Conversion of vitamin D to its active form-Production of urine as a result of the above functionsLecture 40-kidneys-located in abdominopelvic region-right kidney in RUQ-left kidney in LUQ-position-lateral to vertebral column-alongside T12 to L3 vertebrae-within paravertebral gutters-anatomy-reddish color-kidney bean shape-have superior and inferior poles-renal hilum: concave notch on the medial border; ureter, blood and lymph vessels can enter and exit through hilum-renal sinus: fat filled region at the hilum-renal capsule: fibrous tissue encasing the kidney-connective tissue surrounding kidneys-for protection, cushioning-also for anchorage, but still allow slight movements-perineal fat: deepest of 3 layers-renal fascia: separates the 2 fat layers-pararenal fat: most superficial-nephron: basic histologic functional unit of the kidney-produces urine through 3 basic processes-filtering blood-reabsorption-secretionLecture 41-ureters-thick walled muscular tubes made of smooth muscle-lined by mucous membrane-transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder through peristaltic contractions-retroperitoneal throughout their course-cross external iliac vessels to reach bladder-enter the posterolateral surface of the bladder at an oblique angle-creates a physiological sphincter:-prevents urine from