ANTR 350Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 -microscopic anatomy: aka fine anatomy; cannot see with the eye-cytology: study of cells-histology: study of tissues-pathology: histology of diseased tissues-is limited by equipment used-gross anatomy-surface anatomy: superficial anatomical markings-regional anatomy: all structures within a specific body region-systemic anatomy: covered in this course; anatomy by body system-other perspectives on anatomy: -developmental anatomy: structural changes over a lifetime-embryology: developmental anatomy within the first trimester-comparative anatomy: comparisons with other animals-clinical anatomy: changes during disease-radiographic anatomy: noninvasive imaging-surgical anatomy: landmarks and surgical approaches-ANTR350 mostly covers systemic anatomy, with some clinical, regional, and surface anatomy-level of human structural organization-cells  tissues  organs  organ systems-anatomical terminology-the anatomic position: body erect, eyes forward, upper limbs and hands to the side with palms facing forward (so that forearm bones, radius and ulna, are uncrossed or supinated), fingers extended and thumbs pointing out to the side, feet are flat with toes pointed forward-left vs right is always from the patient’s perspective-other anatomical positions-decubitus: radiological term for a patient lying on a gurney during an imaging procedure-supine: lying face up; dorsal decubitus-prone: lying face down; ventral decubitus-standard anatomical planes-1. Sagittal plane-any plane that divides the whole body or sub-volume of the body into left and right portions-parallel to the long axis of the body-median/midsagittal plane: the single sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves-parasagittal plane: any sagittal plane other than the midsagittal plane, divides body into unequal halves-2. Frontal plane (coronal plane)-any plane that divides the whole body or sub-volume of the body into anterior and posterior portions-parallel to the long axis of the body-3. Horizontal plane-any plane that divides the whole body or sub-volume of the body into superior and inferior portions-parallel to the horizon-transverse/cross-sectional plane: cuts perpendicular to the long axis of the body-oblique plane: any plane that is not parallel to any standard anatomical planeLecture 2-abdominopelvic regions and quadrants-4 regions formed by intersecting median (midsagittal) and transumbilical plane-forms right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant-9 abdominopelvic regions formed by intersecting…-subcostal plane-supracristal plane-right midclavicular plane-left midclavicular plane-don't need to know the names of the regions formed, just know planes used to make them-body cavities1. ventral body cavity (aka coelom)-larger than the dorsal cavity-contains the viscera-all subdivisions are lined by serous membranes (prevent friction between organ and the sac that it is contained in)-thoracic cavity: found in the chest-mediastinum: connective tissue partition between the right and left pleural cavities, which contains the esophagus, trachea, major blood vessels and nerves, heart and pericardium-right pleural cavity: surrounds right lung-left pleural cavity: surrounds left lung-abdominopelvic cavity: contains the peritoneal sac and 2 cavities2. dorsal body cavity-protects the central nervous system-cranial cavity: contains brain, meninges, and CSF-spinal cavity: contains spinal cord, meninges. And CSF-no serous membranes like in ventral body cavity-trunk body wall layers (from superficial to deep)1. skin (aka cutaneous membrane, epidermis + dermis)2. superficial fascia (aka hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue)-fatty layer under skin-insulation-subcutaneous injections3. deep investing fascia of skeletal muscle tissues-keeps muscles separate-like wrapping chicken in cling wrap before you freeze it so that they don't stick together4. internal fascia-acts like glue for parietal serous membrane-very thin5. parietal layer of serous membrane-on the wall of organ-prevents frictionLecture 3-skeletal system overview-medical morphemes-chondro: cartilage-osteo: bone-osteology: the study of bone/human skeletal system-components of skeletal system-bones: organ because they are composed of all 4 primary tissue types-cartilage: located between bones at joints-ligaments: connects bones at joints-nerves and vessels: nourish and maintain bone tissue-composition of bone tissue-70% inorganic: hydroxyapatite crystals: calcium salts, make bone hard-30% organic: mostly collagen, flexible-osteocytes: used to be an osteoblast-osteoblasts: secrete osteoid; eventually become trapped in osteoid and become osteocyte-osteoclasts: very big-properties of bone-poor tensile strength (from collagen), tolerates small amount of stretching and twisting-high compressive strength (from mineral salts)-functions of skeletal system-support and movement-encasement and protection-homopoiesis: production of blood cells in red bone marrow-lipid storage in yellow bone marrow (of long bones)-mineral balance and storage-calcitonin hormone released from thyroid gland  production of new bone (increase bone density)-PTH hormone released from parathyroid glands  destruction of bone (decrease bone density)-types of bone tissue-cortical bone: dense, forms outer layer of all bones; in sheets-spongy bone: porous; found inside bones, on ends of long bones; arranged in lattice-likesystem; affected in osteoporosis-bone types1. long bones: all limb bones-diaphysis: long shaft, mainly compact bone-metaphysis: flared region-epiphysis: proximal and distal ends; contains spongy bone in adults-periosteum: outer covering of bone cortex-fibrous layer: support-cellular layer: growth-endosteum: inner lining of hollow bones; cellular function (osteoclasts)-medullary cavity: marrow cavity; hollow center-nutrient foramen: openings in the cortex for blood vessels2. flat bones-examples: skull bones, ribs, sternum3. short bones-examples: wrist bones (carpals), ankle bones (tarsals)4. sesamoid bones-examples: patella, miscellaneous bones in wrist/feet5. irregular bones: complex, irregularly shaped bones that have a combination of characteristics of other bone types-examples: vertebrae, facial bones6. wormian or sutural bones: islands of bone that develop within cranial sutures-growth and development-intramembranous ossification: replace mesenchyme with bone-flat bone