ANTR 350 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-17Lecture 10-medical morphemes-af: toward-ef: away-inter: between-intra: within-algia: pain-esthesia: perceive sensations-mural: wall-plegia: paralysis-functions-sensory neurons-exteroreceptors: proprioception, somatic sensory, consciously aware of these stimuli-interoreceptors: visceral (gut) sensory, not consciously aware of these stimuli-motor neurons-somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle-visceral motor neurons innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands-anatomy of neurons-cell body: contains nucleus-axon: single long process of cell body-dendrite: tree like multiple processes that radiate from a neuron cell body, act as receptors-synaptic knobs: terminal regions of axon, pass information on-types of neurons-sensory: carry impulses toward the CNS-motor: carry impulses away from the CNS-neuron: a single nerve cell-nerve: bundle of neuron axons in PNS; held together by connective tissue-tract: bundles of neuron axons in CNS-glia-functions-structural: provide framework for neural tissue-protective: act as phagocytes-maintenance: maintain the intercellular environment-types-astrocytes: form blood-brain barrier-epedymal cells: help produce CSF-microglial cells: remove dead and damaged nervous tissue-neuron classification-somatic: voluntary-skin, skeletal muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, tendons-general senses: touch, pain, pressure, hot/cold, vibration, proprioception-special senses: taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance-visceral: involuntary-organs, smooth and cardiac muscle, glands-blood pressure, blood gases, stretch of organs-efferent: motor-effectors: transmits impulse from CNS to somatic or visceral muscle-afferent: sensory-receptors: transmits imLecture 11-functions of CNS-processes incoming information from PNS via sensory neurons-initiates response if needed via motor neurons-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-produced in the 4 ventricles of the brain by the choroid plexus -reabsorbed into the bloodstream by dural venous circulation in the cranial cavity through a structure called arachnoid villus-clinical correlates-hydrocephalus: increase in CSF production and lack of proper drainage leads to accumulation of extra CSF volume-treatment: shunt-meningitis: inflammation of meninges in brain or spinal cord-bacterial is more serious than viral-physicians test: touch your chin to your chest, if neck flexion is stiff order a CSF analysis-cerebrum-outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex-inner core of white matter-surface is highly convoluted consisting of raised regions called gyri and separated by grooves called sulci-lobes1. frontal: higher intellectual function, personality, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle2. parietal: sensory, understanding speech and expressing thoughts and emotions3. temporal: primary auditory cortex, interpretation of olfactory sensations4. occipital: primary visual cortex-lateral ventricles filled with CSF: hollow cavities within cerebrum-diencephalon: located in the central core of the brain; connects the cerebrum to the brainstem-thalamus: right and left cerebellar lobes separated by third ventricle-hypothalamus: master control of ANS-primary link between the nervous system and the endocrine system; physically connected to the pituitary gland-regulates: hunger, thirst, body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, rage, sexual desire-cerebellum-2 lobes connected by the vermus-located posteriorly, inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata and 4th ventricle-responsible for coordination of skeletal muscle contractions-damage or disease produces ataxia (inability to coordinate voluntary motor control)Lecture 12-spinal cord begins at the level of the foramen magnum of the skull; is continuous with the medulla oblongata-ends at the level of the L1 or L2 vertebra because the vertebral column of adults is longer than spinal cord; vertebral column grows for a longer period of time-conus medullaris: tapered, terminal portion of the spinal cord-cauda equina: resembles a horse’s tail, extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris and is comprised of the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots from inferior spinal cord segments-gray matter: butterfly shaped-posterior: GSA and GVA axons terminate-anterior: cell bodies of GSEs (skeletal muscles)-lateral: cell bodies of GVEs from T1-L2 level-central canal is continuous with the 4th ventricle and contains CSF-white matter-ascending: collection of interneurons that convey sensory info to thalamus relay stations-descending: collection of interneurons that convey motor info-numbering of spinal nerves-cervical: 8-thoracic: 12-lumbar: 5-sacral: 5-coccygeal: 1-anterior rami form somatic neural plexuses-cervical: distribution to neck, shoulder, and posterior head-brachial: distribution to upper limb-lumbar: distribution to lower trunk, anterior, and medial thigh-sacral: distribution to lower limbLecture 13-know view of cross sectional skull foramina: where the openings for the cranial nerves are-CNI: olfactory nerve-attached to the olfactory bulbs of the frontal lobe-goes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone-sense of smell-test: whether or not you could smell a really strong smell with both nostrils-damage: anosmia: partial or total loss of smell-CNII: optic nerve-attached to the thalamus of diencephalon-passes through the optic canal of the sphenoid bone-vision-optic chiasm is where some fibers from each eye cross over to the opposite side-damage: anopsia: loss of vision-CNIII: oculomotor-attached to the midbrain-passes through the superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone-innervates (GSE) to 4 of 6 intrinsic eye muscles -supplies parasympathetic (GVEs to make pupil constrict and lens more spherical-test: move eye in all directions-CNIV: trochlear-attached to the midbrain-passes through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone-supplies GSEs to 1 extrinsic eye muscle: superior oblique-test: look down and lateral-damage: eyes don't move parallel, possible double vision-CNV: trigeminal-attached to pons-3 divisions-V1: ophthalmic division-passes through the superior orbital fissure-somatic sensory nerve from areas around the orbit, forehead, anterior scalp, sinuses, and upper nasal cavity-V2: maxillary division-goes through foramen rotundum-somatic sensory from the mid face and maxillary teeth-V3: mandibular-goes through foramen ovale-somatic sensory from the mandibular teeth