JOURN 3000 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 2 13 Lecture 2Explanation of Origins Agency History driven by individual choices Collective action Unintended consequences Functionalism History driven by vacuums created by unfulfilled needs Explanation Identifies causes by way of effects Fails to specify a selective adaptive mechanism Fails to explain dysfunction Structure History driven by cultural material and institutional environments Responsibility Structural explanation Cultural structure factors Material structure factors Institutional structure factors Cultural structure Ideas values attitudes Why does the early American newspaper emerge as a quasi political institution Content Political news political essays Staff Tied to appointed by political factions parties Printing merchants Support Political subsidies Audience Voters to be persuaded Material structure Geography technology economy Why does the political press give way to the Penny Press in the 1830s and following Content Stories on nitty gritty of urban life local entertainment Staff Entrepreneurs information gatherers Support Advertising Audience Consumers middle and working classes mass circulation Institutional structure Institutions government church school family business Why does broadcast journalism emerge in the US around World War II Many radio stations in early 1920s initially owned by newspapers many false starts Only brief news bulletins twice a day in 1930s Broadcast journalism begins earlier elsewhere Lecture 3 A Pre history How was news disseminated before the printing press Verse Letters epistles Stories told at markets or fairs later at coffee houses and clubs Balladeers sang ballads Ringing of bells Technology Pre printing press Scribal culture manuscripts Block text Technology The printing press Johannes Gutenberg circa1450 55 Mainz Germany Technology Making paper State regulation church authority Knowledge is power Emerging public sphere Economic conditions Work for hire work by commission Cultivating demand serial publication Lecture 4Culture of reception emerging notions of popular sovereignty Literacy clubs coffee shops etc Forerunners of newspapers Pamphlets Broadsides Diurnals News books News sheets Essay papers Marketplace of ideas Libertarian conception Truth naturally overcomes falsehood when they are allowed to compete Competing voices produce superior conclusions Even errors make the truth more radiant Voices should not be excluded from the marketplace lest the truth be suppressed Libel is the main exception Alternative conceptions Milton s Areopagitica Antinomianism Defense of free expression opposition to censorship licensing Moral limits to the marketplace of ideas no prior restraint but sympathetic to subsequent action Advocates exclusion of some ideas because some people are susceptible to falsehoods or because vicious persons will corrupt others Republicanism Public opinion must be formed via virtuous leaders including the press Newspapers function as a town hall Freedom is only good when intelligent independent virtuous citizens maintain social order Press expected to promote truth Lecture 5 Colonial Press First newspaper Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick Published by Benjamin Harris on Sept 25 1690 Paper contained foreign and domestic news a prophetic role Record of events to bear witness to God s providence Sort truth from lies expose treachery Boston News Letter 1704 News Letter first continuously published American newspaper Boston postmaster John Campbell appointed by crown paper published by authority Lots of foreign news commercial and government matters New England Courant 1721 Published by James Franklin Paper sought to entertain its audience included literary fare Ben Franklin Pennsylvania Gazette Takes over paper in Philadelphia in 1729 Entertaining essays Busy Body Papers win sizeable readership Attracts profitable advertising business Wins government printing contracts Franklin sets up other colonial printers Takes over paper in Philadelphia in 1729 Entertaining essays Busy Body Papers win sizeable readership Attracts profitable advertising business Wins government printing contracts Franklin sets up other colonial printers Zenger Trial 1734 35 Gov William Cosby appointed colonial governor of New York Faction opposed to Cosby Cosby has Zenger arrested for seditious libel criticism of the government leading to unrest Zenger s attorney Andrew Hamilton argues truth as a defense Jury acquits Zenger Principle Right to criticize officials a main pillar of press freedom Lecture 6Colonial Press Journalistic Roles Disseminate information about other parts of the world colonies Challenge decisions of those in power Commentate on God s will providence Paper is mirror Commentate campaign about public issues e g inoculation Entertain readers Journalistic Roles Provide forum for exchange of ideas Three factions Tories North American loyalists to Britain crown Whigs primarily an economic philosophy no taxation without representation Patriots promote revolution based on principles of liberty and popular sovereignty James Rivington Tories Population 20 30 percent Tory Loyalist in 1776 Owned bookstores founded New York Gazetteer later Royal Gazette Presented opposing sides of political questions Tories Loyalists Many Tory printers hounded out of business Rivington becomes Tory propagandist after Battles of Lexington and Concord Rivington s renamed paper fails after the war John Dickinson Whig Dickinson s Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania spread his Whig philosophy British taxes a conspiracy against colonists to deprive them of liberty Established principles of the revolution No taxation without representation Sam Adams Patriot Editor of Independent Advertiser contributor to Boston Gazette Organized Committees of Correspondence in 1772 to cover meetings news network Strategic network of publishers works with Sons of Liberty Published stories of British atrocities Tom Paine Patriot Common Sense in 1776 championed the revolutionary cause Published in colonial papers Argued against British rule Crisis Papers Paine traveled among the troops when morale was low gathered their thoughts and stories Read to the troops rallied the troops Printed in colonial papers rallied support News Organization Committee of correspondence news gathering networks Networks for trading essays stories Support could come through sales Circulations in 1775 estimated at 1 600 to 3 500 up to 9