PSYC 1000 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I.Finishing up chapter 3II.Understanding the Braina.Know the 4 study aspectsIII.Parts of the Brainstema.Know 3 partsIV.Parts of the CerebellumV.Parts of the Limbic systema.Know 5 partsVI.Parts of the Cerebral CortexVII.Know 5 partsOutline of Current Lecture II. Sensation and PerceptionIII. ThresholdsIV. Processing SystemsV. The Visual System VI. Neural Receptors on RetinaVII. Visual Information Processing: Theories of Color Vision VIII. Form and Pattern PerceptionIX. Gestalt Principals Current LectureSensation and PerceptionSensation: the stimulation of the senses. Occurs when the sense organs absorb energy from the environment.Perception: the selection, organization, and interpretation of the sensory input. Ex. Is hearing a train whistle a sensation or perception? Hearing a train is perception, sound waves hitting eardrum is sensation. ThresholdsAbsolute threshold: minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Difference threshold: minimum difference between two stimuli required fo detection 50% of thetime, also called just noticeable difference. (JND)Weber’s Law: Just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus. Fechner’s Law: As the stimulus increases, our perception has diminishing results. Light example. Processing SystemsBottom-up processing: Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up tothe level of the brain and mind. Ex. ATop-down Processing: Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectation. Ex. THE CATThe Visual SystemPupil, lens, iris, cornea, retina, fovea, optic nerve, blind spot.Neural Receptors on RetinaRod: visual receptors that play a key role in peripheral vision and seeing in the darkCones: visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision.Fovea: a spot in the retina that contains mostly cones; possesses the greatest visual acuity. This part of your eye you use when you directly look at something. Visual Information Processing: Theories of Color VisionThere are three different types of cones in the eye. How do we see so many colors with only three types of cones.Trichromatic Theory: The human eye has three different types of receptors with sensitivity to three different wavelengths. This would account for the 3 primary colors. Opponent Process Theory: color vision works via receptors that make antagonistic responses to three-color pairs. Ex. If you stare at red for long enough, you will see a green afterimage. Form and Pattern perceptionReversible Figure: A drawing that is compatible with two interpretations that can shift back and forth. Ex. Duck vs. rabbitPerceptual set: A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way.Gestalt Principals Phi Phenomenon: the illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid