PSYC 1000 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 15 - 20Lecture 15 (April 8)Outline of Last Lecture I. Memory Retrieval/Recognition II. Moods and MemoryIII. InterferenceIV. Memory ConstructionV. Improving MemoryOutline of Current Lecture II. ConceptsIII. Methods of Problem SolvingCurrent LectureConceptsDefinition: limits or ends of what a concept is. Tend to be less prone to errorPrototype: a typical example, this may cause errorMethods of Problem SolvingAlgorithm: To go through every possibility to find the correct answer. Not prone to error. Heuristic: rule of thumb, prone to error, shortcuts to find answer. dating everyone exampleInsight: that “Ah-ha!” moment realization of the solution. Functional Fixedness: stuck only using things in their typical functions. Confirmation bias: when we see only information that we believe to be true. Ex. Zodiac Aquarius exampleAvailability Heuristic: we over estimate how often something happens because of how often we hear about it and how relevant it is to our mindsBase rate fallacy: when we ignore about statistical probability ex. heads vs. talesLecture 16 (April 13)Outline of Last LectureVI. ConceptsVII. Methods of Problem SolvingOutline of Current Lecture IV. Thinking and Problem SolvingV. LanguageCurrent LectureThinking and Problem solvingLinda is bank teller example. Representativeness heuristic: used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertaintyLanguage Phonemes: Basic units of soundMorphemes: modify the meaning of a word by adding prefix and suffix Grammar: rules to how we build a language Syntax: rules for rule order Semantics: word meaning 1.) B.F Skinner: intimidate + reinforcement 2.) Noam Chamsky an important roll Lecture 17 (April 15)Outline of Last Lecture II. Thinking and Problem SolvingIII. LanguageOutline of Current Lecture IV. Intelligence TheoriesV. Seeds vs. SoilCurrent LectureWhat is intelligence?The ability to think, problem solve, and learn.Intelligence Theories Spearman: believed that intelligence is one thing, people that were good at school they were better and learning to play music. He assumed that intelligence is one trait called “G” people that are good at some things are better at others: an overall ability level.Gardener: believed there are 8 different types of intelligence + 1 later. (Ex. Verbal, math, relational, emotional intelligence.) Sternberg: believed it was broken into three intelligences: creative (art), practical (street smart), analytical (book smart). Analytical:book smart, ex. 10 year old who went to college who had no social skills developed.Practical: ex. Morgan Freeman in Shawshank RedemptionSeeds vs. SoilSeed: (genetic biological inheritance) potential to be the best corn plant ever. If good seed is putin povished environment it has no potential. Good environment will develop good outcome Soil: is the environment that affects the “seed” Historically: men have tested higher than women (ex. Test bias with telegraph) however women are scoring higher than men on IQ tests.Lecture 18 (April 20)Outline of Last Lecture VIII. Intelligence TheoriesIX. Seeds vs. SoilOutline of Current Lecture VI. Intelligence TestingVII. What is an IQ?Current LectureIntelligence Testing1.) Intelligence: Ability tests2.) Aptitude: Trying to predict future performance 3.) Achievement: How much you can do versus how much you should be able to do. What is an IQ?Alfred Binet: come up with questions that the average aged person could answer, called metal age. Mental age can be above, average, or below. Goddard: Found test called Stanford Binet, invented the IQ test. IQ=ma/age x 100 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-4): full scale IQ (FSIQ): overall IQ composite score madeup of four induces. Verbal(VCI) vocabulary/similarity, perceptual reasoning(PRI) block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, working memory(WMI) digit span, processing speed(PSI) cross out symbols (simple search). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-4)68%, 95%, 99.8% rule: standard deviationPsychometric Theory: psychological measurement. First rule of measurement is standardization.Uniform procedure for administering and scoring the test. Is the tool reliable? Consistency. Standardization & ReliabilityValidity or Accuracy: Are you measuring what you say you are measuring?Lecture 19 (April 22)Outline of Last Lecture X. Intelligence TestingXI. What is an IQ?Outline of Current Lecture I. Theories of Emotion II. Motivation Theories III. Hunger & EatingCurrent LectureTheories of EmotionFour Emotions: Happy, Sad, Mad, Scared, everything else is just variations of thisCommon Sense ViewEvent  Emotion  Arousal James-LangeEvent  Arousal  EmotionCannon-BondEvent  same time: emotion, arousalSchacter’s 2 – Factor Model1: Event  Arousal  2: Cognitive appraisal  Emotion Motivation Theories1.) Instincts: not taught, Ex. Baby bird making a nest in cage2.) Drive Reduction: tension from driven away from homeostasis, Ex. Eating3.) Arousal: Peak arousal, we strive to maintain the maximum amount of productivity 4.) Incentives5.) Hierarchy of Needs: Abraham Maslow1. Survival needs2. Physical safety3. Belonging4. Esteem (personal goals)5. Self actualizationTrauma victims need a sense of belonging but do not feel safe so they do not share so therefore they do not get betterHunger and EatingHunger signals:Pain in stomach -Empty stomachHormones like insulin let our brain know we need to eat- Lateral Hypothalamus (start eating)- Ventromedial Hypothalamus Eating Disorders (different from body image issues)Anorexia: extremely low body weight with little to no food, extreme restricts eating, intense fear of gaining weight, over control Bulimia: Binge (eating massive amount of calories) then Purge (vomiting or laxatives) then back to binge, restrictive. Obesity (excessive amount of body fat, increased risk of health issues)America has an obese epidemic Poverty, easy access to cheap food vs. healthy food, technology, educationHeterosexual WomenObesity ranking and chart. 0 (thin, unhealthy) to 10 (very obese) Women think they need to be thinner than how men find them attractive, men want to be muscular them women actually want them to be. Lecture 20 (April 27)Outline of Last Lecture XII. Theories of Emotion II. Motivation Theories III. Hunger & EatingOutline of Current Lecture VIII. ClarificationIX. Sexual OrientationX. Gender RolesXI. Sexual PreferenceCurrent