PSYC 1000 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture II. Operant Conditions III. Schedules of Reinforcement Outline of Current Lecture IV. MemoryV. Three Stage ModelVI. Automatic ProcessingVII. RehearsalVIII. Memory effectsIX. EncodeX. Working Memory XI. Long-Term MemoryCurrent LectureMemoryMemory is the basis for knowing your friends, neighbors, the English language, national anthem, and yourself. If memory was non existent, everyone would be a stranger to you, every language. Studying memory:Information processing models: encoding  storage  retrieval Modifications to the Three-Stage Model1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory. Automatic Processing 1. Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. 3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.Rehearsal: effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables. Memory Effects1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.1. Primacy Effect2. Recency EffectEncode1. Encoding by meaning: Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.2. Encoding by images: Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing,especially when combined with semantic encoding.3. Encoding by organization: Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. Chunking and Hierarchies4. Structural –does word start with capital letter? Y/N5. Phonemic – does it rhyme with whale? Y/N6. Semantic – does it fit into the given sentence? Y/NAfter the test: the semantic people remembered the best.Storage: Retaining Information  Storage is at the heart of memory Working memory: Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (20 seconds)Long Term Memory: Essentially unlimited capacity storeFeatureSensoryMemoryWorking Memory LTMEncoding Copy Phonemic SemanticCapacity Unlimited 7±2 Chunks Very LargeDuration 0.25 sec. 20 sec. YearsSynaptic Changes: Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) refers to synaptic enhancement after learning (Lynch, 2002). An increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses.Storing Implicit & Explicit MemoriesExplicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declareImplicit memory involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what they knowsAfter losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient Henry M. (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this anterograde