PSYC 1000 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. MemoryII. Three Stage ModelIII. Automatic ProcessingIV. RehearsalV. Memory effectsVI. EncodeVII. Working Memory VIII. Long-Term MemoryOutline of Current Lecture II. Memory Retrieval/Recognition III. Moods and MemoryIV. InterferenceV. Memory ConstructionVI. Improving MemoryCurrent LectureMemory Retrieval/Recognition Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval refers to getting information out of the memory storeRecognition: the person must identify an item amongst other choices. (A multiple-choice test requires recognition.)Recognition: the person must identify an item amongst other choices. (A multiple-choice test requires recognition.)Priming: To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to itContext Effects: baby kicking exampleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Moods and Memories: We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood (state-dependent memory). Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues. Our memories are mood-congruentDéjà Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience. Forgetting: An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrievalStorage Decay: Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. Ebbinghaus showed thiswith his forgetting curve.Retrieval Failure: Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed. Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon. Given a cue (What makes blood cells red?) the subject says the word begins with an H (hemoglobin).Interference Proactive interference: (forward) old memory interfering with new memoryRetroactive interference: (back) new memory interferes with old memoryMotivated ForgettingMotivated Forgetting: People unknowingly revise their memories.Repression: A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.Memory ConstructionMisinformation Effect: Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. Ex. Car crash changing one wordSource Amnesia: Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution).Improving Memory1. Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.3. Make material personally meaningful.4. Use mnemonic devices:associate with peg words — something already storedmake up a storychunk — acronyms5. Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the situation and mood.6. Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation.7. Minimize interference:Test your own knowledge.Rehearse and then determine what you do not yet