Problems relating to menstruationEndometriosis: when endometrial cells migrate to places other than uterusImplant on surface of organsRespond to fluctuations of hormonesBecome thick and engorgedSymptoms: painful periods, back or pelvic pain, pain during intercourse or defecationMost common in 25-40 year olds without kids10% of women at childbearing age, 20-40% of infertile womenCause is unknown: may be due to retrograde menstrual flowTreatment: Hormone therapy, laser surgeryChapter 6: Sperm Production and CircumcisionProduction of sperm begins in the testiclesTesticles must be outside of body because sperm production requires lower temperatureCremaster muscle moves testes closer or farther from bodySeminiferous tubules: microscopic tubes in testes where sperm are produced and storedSperm: The JourneyEpididymis: long tube that sits on top of testicleImmature sperm come here to matureVas deferens: tube carries sperm from testicles to urethraWhen arousal is high, fluid from Cowper’s glands (two glands just beneath prostate gland) lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidic urineThis is pre-ejaculatory fluid that may contain live spermRight before ejaculation, fluid from two glands added to spermSeminal vesicle:Glands next to bladderProvide nutrition for spermThe prostate gland:At base of bladderSecretes fluid to neutralize acidic nature of vaginaEjaculation occurs in 2 stages:Fluid from Cowper’s glands lubricates urethraEpididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate empty fluid into the urethral bulbBladder closes offSecond stage: contractions squeeze urethral bulb and propel ejaculate outMale CircumcisionSurgical removal of the foreskin of the penis50-60% of male infants circumcised in US, number is decliningAAP has changed stance on circumcision many times in last 50 yearsIn 2012 AAP said benefits outweigh risks, insurance should cover it but decision should be left to parentsAAP: circumcision lowers risk of HIV, genital herpes, HPV, syphilis, penile cancer, urinary tract infectionsFemale Genital CuttingGirls aged 4-10Sunna: removal of prepuceMost similar to circumcisionExcision: complete removal of clitoris and sometimes some of labia minoraInfibulation: removal of clitoris, all labia minora and part of labia majoraLabia majora sewn shutSmall hole left for passage of urine and menses~15% are this typePSYCH 3260 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. Effects of PMSa. DysmenorrheaII. Effects of the cycleIII. Causes of mood fluctuationsa. Biologicalb. CulturalIV. Climacteric and MenopauseOutline of Current Lecture I. Problems relating to menstruationa. Endometriosis II. Sperm Production and Circumcisiona. Spermb. Circumcisionc. Female Genital CuttingCurrent LectureProblems relating to menstruation-Endometriosis: when endometrial cells migrate to places other than uteruso Implant on surface of organso Respond to fluctuations of hormonesBecome thick and engorgedo Symptoms: painful periods, back or pelvic pain, pain during intercourse or defecationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Most common in 25-40 year olds without kids10% of women at childbearing age, 20-40% of infertile womeno Cause is unknown: may be due to retrograde menstrual flowo Treatment: Hormone therapy, laser surgeryChapter 6: Sperm Production and Circumcision-Production of sperm begins in the testicles o Testicles must be outside of body because sperm production requires lower temperature Cremaster muscle moves testes closer or farther from body o Seminiferous tubules: microscopic tubes in testes where sperm are produced and storedSperm: The Journey-Epididymis: long tube that sits on top of testicle o Immature sperm come here to mature-Vas deferens: tube carries sperm from testicles to urethra -When arousal is high, fluid from Cowper’s glands (two glands just beneath prostate gland) lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidic urineo This is pre-ejaculatory fluid that may contain live sperm-Right before ejaculation, fluid from two glands added to sperm o Seminal vesicle:Glands next to bladderProvide nutrition for sperm o The prostate gland:At base of bladderSecretes fluid to neutralize acidic nature of vagina -Ejaculation occurs in 2 stages:o Fluid from Cowper’s glands lubricates urethrao Epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate empty fluid into the urethral bulbo Bladder closes offo Second stage: contractions squeeze urethral bulb and propel ejaculate outMale Circumcision-Surgical removal of the foreskin of the peniso 50-60% of male infants circumcised in US, number is declining o AAP has changed stance on circumcision many times in last 50 yearsIn 2012 AAP said benefits outweigh risks, insurance should cover it but decision should be left to parents AAP: circumcision lowers risk of HIV, genital herpes, HPV, syphilis, penile cancer, urinary tract infections-Female Genital Cuttingo Girls aged 4-10o Sunna: removal of prepuceMost similar to circumcisiono Excision: complete removal of clitoris and sometimes some of labia minorao Infibulation: removal of clitoris, all labia minora and part of labia majoraLabia majora sewn shutSmall hole left for passage of urine and menses ~15% are this