Ch 12 In prokaryote the unicellular organisms divide to reproduce they re not growing by dividing Chromosomes DNA molecule Proteins histone and along with DNA is called chromatin Binary fission make identical copy of themselves It has to duplicate everything in that cell genetic info is the main thing because DNA is passed on to the next generation DNA is circular not linear FtsZ forms the septum that splits the 2 cells eventually Aster ray of tiny little microtubules Spindle includes microtubules centrosome and aster Mitosis means nuclear division Interphase preparing making all organelles it requires growing making proteins necessary to start cell division S phase is just for DNA duplication Mitotic phase is divided into 5 phases KNOW THEM ALL AND WHAT HAPPENS Anaphase pull 2 chromatids apart Chromosomes are being moved by kinetochore tubulin is the protein helping here Actin and mitocin contraction is what causes the cleavage Eukaryotes actin like protein splits Prokaryotes tubulin like Animal cell outside in plant cell inside out Telophase most of the nucleus is actually separating Cytokinesis the cytoplasm splits Anaphase 46 chromosomes Telophase and cytokinesis 46 in one cell and 46 in another Chromatid together chromatin separate 7 different regulation points Metaphase important or else have unequal division of chromosomes and the M point checkpoint happens here For protein kinase to be active they need to depend on the amount of cyclin collected in the cell When protein kinase is inactive it doesn t bind to cyclin part It phosphorylates when it s binded Mitotic phase wont go on until MPF comes in Concentration varies across phases MPF binds to cyclin they re both directly related S phase to G2 phase is where cyclin starts to accumulate Once anaphase is done cyclin starts degrading and Cdk becomes inactive cyclin synthesis starts all over again Platelet derived growth factors bind to RTKs For some cells to divide they have to anchor to the extracellular matrix or a cellular part of a cell This is known as anchorage dependence Cancer cells no anchorage dependence wild ones on lose Breast cancer increased RTKs plasma cellular Increased estrogen hydrophobic receptor intracellular receptor Ch 13 Cell life Egg and sperm are haploid n diploid 2n Haploid go into fertilization to form a diploid Mitosis growth and development Only diploid go through meiosis because you have to bring it down to half at the end and you can t have half a chromosome in haploid meiosis In mammals only gametes are haploid We re not haploid multicellular organism This is not possible Sporophyte goes through meiosis and produce spores These spores are carried away and can take most of the harsh conditions the plant cant Sister chromosomes separate in mitosis and homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis
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