CRM JST 271 1st Edition Lecture 3 I Early Policing a The earliest forms of policing were highly informal b Kin policing i Family clan or tribe enforced rules and norms of conduct ii What was the nature of punishment during this time c Nightwatch i Group of citizens patrolling at night looking for fires and other problems d Sheriffs were appointed by the king in twelfth century England i Levied fines and ensured that the frankpledge system worked ii What was the frankpledge system e Constables were eventually mandated to assist the sheriff i Conducted investigations served warrants took charge of prisoners etc f Much of this work was unpaid and unpopular however i Others often paid to do work of appointed often old poor inefficient II Policing in the 19th Century England a 19th century policing in England became model for US policing b Henry fielding and the Bow Street Runners detectives c Sir Robert Peel and the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 i Peel s efforts resulted in the creation of 1st organized police force III Peelian Principles a Police must be stable efficient organized along military lines b Police must be under government control c The absence of crime d The distribution of crime news is essential crime should never be a secret community can help reduce crime These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute e Essential to deploy police strength by time and area f No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of temper a quiet determined manner has more effect than violent action g Good appearance commands respect h The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency i Public security demands that every officer be given a number j Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible k Policemen should be hired on a probationary basis l IV Police records are necessary to the right distribution of police strength The Emergence of Modern Policing in the U S a The English brought their system of policing with them in 16 and 1700 s i That is offices of justice of the peace sheriff constable and nightwatch b US system gradually shifted from volunteer citizens to paid specialists V First City Police Forces a In the mid 1800 s many cities created paid polices forces b 4 theories explain the development of police departments i Disorder control theory 1 Police rose to suppress mob violence middle class mobs ii Crime control theory 1 Needed police to control crime in developing larger cities iii Class control theory 1 Class based economic discretion use police to keep rich richer and the poor poorer iv Urban dispersion theory c US police departments generally focused on the Peelian concept of prevention d Differences between US and British police were due to i Social context US more violent ii Political Environment US politicians were more meddlesome iii Law enforcement policies US departments were decentralized VI The County Sheriff a By 1870 s most cities had formed police departments i In rural areas however elected sheriffs enforced the law 1 Served court order collected taxes looked after prisoners in jail ii Modern sheriff departments have the following responsibilities 1 Collecting some type of taxes not all counties however 2 Provide personnel and security for courts 3 Operate jails and other correctional facilities 4 Maintaining peace and order and providing general law enforcement VII Vigilance Committees a 19th century policing also saw private organized groups called vigilante committees i Voluntary association of men organized to respond to real or imagined threats to protect the safety of their property ii Vigilante movements most common in American west VIII The Political Era a The political era exited from the mid 18 th century to the 1920s i Oriented to special interests ii Police practices and services determined by political considerations iii Authority from powerful local politicians iv Political and economic corruption were common in police departments 1 What are some examples of police activities during this time Chicago IX Features of the Political Era a Kelling Moore 1988 identified 7 features of the Political Era i Police derived their own authority ii Police engaged in a variety of functions iii Police had a decentralized organizational structure iv Police had close and personal relationships with citizens v Police tactics included foot patrol and investigations vi Demands of police were channeled through local politicians vii Police were evaluated by citizens level of satisfaction