Crm Jst 271 1st edition Lecture 20Outline of Current Lecture Ch. 12 - DiversityI. Diversitya. Generally, diverse police departments are believed to be more effective than one that is notb. Evidence regarding impact of diversity falls into two categoriesi. Testimonial evidenceii. Empirical evidence1. How do these two forms of evidence differ?II. Racial Minorities in Policinga. Historically, racial minorities had very minimal access to policing jobsi. There has, however, been a notable increase wince WWIIii. But most departments are still not racially “representative”b. African American police were not treated equallyi. In what ways were African American officers not treated equally?c. The Civil Rights movement led to the belief that the inclusion of more minority officers into police forces would be beneficial Performance of African American policei. Evidence has been mixed1. Some indicates that black officers have actually been harder on black citizens than have white officers (aka double marginality)2. Numerous benefits of racially mixed policing teamsa. What benefits have such teams produced?III. Women in Policinga. Despite progress, women remain significantly underrepresented in policingi. Due in part to the fact that the crime-fighter image does not coincide with perceptions of acceptable female behaviorThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Prior to the 1950’s, women police were limited to social-welfare assignments (e.g. juvenile and family problems)c. 1972 amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 required police departments to eliminate discriminatory hiring and job assignmentsd. Performance of women officers has received much attentioni. Women are believed to be able to change policing because they are presumed to be less aggressive, more nurturing1. Early evaluations found they policed in a highly satisfactory manner2. Further studies found men and women officers policed similarlya. Women, however, were less aggressive, committed less misconduct3. Contemporary research has concluded that the assumption of female officers as feminine is overly simplistic, howeverIV. Affirmative Actiona. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968) suggested that departmentsshould intensify their efforts on minority recruitment, minority supervisory representationi. This attempt is known as an affirmative action planii. Such plans played a meaningful role in employment trends1. Impact on recruitment of females is less clear, howeverV. Equal Employment Opportunitya. Legal challenges to discrimination in employment are brought under one of the following:i. Equal protection of the laws clause of the 14th Amendmentii. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972b. Scholars have suggested that resistance to affirmative action efforts exists due to support of civil service/merit systemc. Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971)i. What was the significance of this decision?VI. Reverse Discriminationa. The question surrounding efforts to increase representation of minorities is how to do sofairlyi. Detroit Police Officers Association v. Young (1978)ii. US v. Paradise (1987)iii. Ricci v. DeStefano (2009)VII. Increasing Diversity in Police Departmentsa. Positive strides have been made in recent decades but not everywhere and not nearly tothe extent that is necessaryb. Promotional opportunities differ across jurisdictionsi. Wide variation exists in promotional practices among police departmentsii. Best records of promoting minority officers are those in cities that have large minority populations and minority leadership in the mayor’s officeVIII. Integration of Minorities and Women into Policinga. Progress has been made but the question of “treatment” on the job still remainsb. A number of meaningful issues exist for women officersi. Police cultureii. Defeminizationiii. Policewoman versus Policewomaniv. Structural characteristicsv. Pregnancy and maternityvi. Sexual