NRC 261 1 Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Values a Changes with time b Changes with geography II Wildlife vs Human Controversies III Personal Values IV Values of Wildlife a Positive b Negative c Strategic V Historical Interactions VI Western Civilization a Attitudes of Greek Philosophers b Attitudes of Western Civilization VII What Kind of Coat to Wear Outline of Current Lecture II Medieval Europe III Era of Abundance IV Era of Exploitation a Yellowstone Park Protection Act 1894 V Era of Protection a Lacey Game Wild Birds Preservation Act b Migratory Bird Act 1918 c Refuges These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute VI Era of Game Management a Aldo Leopold b Federal Duck Stamp c Pittman Robertson Act 1937 VII Environmental Management Era a National Environmental Policy Act 1969 b Endangered Species Act 1973 c CITES 1975 d Section 404 of Clean Water Act 1978 e Food Security Act Farm Bill 1985 VIII Current Protection Measures a Jurisdiction b Legal Status IX How does history of legislation reflect changes in attitudes values Current Lecture History Laws of Wildlife Conservation Medieval Europe English Law before year 1200 wildlife belonged to those who had money the nobles 1215 King John s Magna Carta in it claimed that wildlife belongs to everyone and is public property Modern Conservation Eras in North America Abundance Exploitation Protection Game Management Environmental Management Era of Abundance 1600 1849 lots of animals no limits to land it seemed to go on forever mostly without civilization local over harvest of some species extirpation disappearance from a certain area extinction closed seasons some species were given open closed season stating that there was no hunting during a certain time like the breeding season done because s of some species population getting too low westward expansion change in distribution of humans caused same overharvesting problems Era of Exploitation 1850 1899 increased mobility trails established trans continental railroad caused easier population movement even more extirpation extinction example bison were excessively hunted by 1873 only 4 bands of bison left in an area where there were once millions people made by hunting easily transport product back east Game wardens hired to enforce wildlife laws hunting licenses required daily bag limit could only kill a certain of a certain animal every day Yellowstone Park Protection Act 1894 now a federal offense to kill and or take animals from Yellowstone this act also responsible for making national parks game reserves as well animals were protected Era of Protection 1900 1929 The Lacey Game and Wild Birds Preservation Act illegal to transport game across state lines if any dead wildlife found in a state the laws of the state in which it was found apply not those in which it was killed congress recognized the problem of over harvest of species Migratory Bird Act 1918 protected all non game bird species shooting illegal in the spring prohibited widespread killing machines that could take out dozens of birds in seconds migratory bird species were claimed federal property states not allowed to make their own laws concerning migratory birds Refuges started Pelican Island in Florida first refuge founded in 1903 these lands were strictly regulated by the federal gov originally for migratory birds but then expanded for other species as well Era of Game Management 1930 1965 Aldo Leopold author of influential book on game management 1st professor of game management influential conservationist Federal Duck Stamp if one wanted to hunt geese and or ducks they needed to get a hunting license and also buy a duck stamp as well Pittman Robertson Act 1937 public funding comes from people who most directly benefit like hunters tax on bullets firearms this money was to be used by the state only for a wildlife related purpose and NOTHING ELSE Environmental Management Era 1965 present increased wealth and leisure time concern for other species not just game species broader environmental awareness Earth Day was started more influential books were published Silent Spring by Rachel Carson more science showing humans the consequences of actions against the environment ex DDT causing decline in peragrine falcon population National Environmental Policy Act 1969 construction projects must be assessed for environmental impact before they could actually be started Endangered Species Act 1973 stated that ecosystems in which endangered species might live must be conserved focused on the ECOSYSTEMS not the species Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES 1975 was the first international treaty concerning wildlife established a restriction against the international trade of certain species Section 404 of Clean Water Act 1978 permits from the U S Army Corps of Engineers are required in order for a company to discharge anything into any waterways bodies of water helps with contamination The Food Security Act 1985 Farm Bill if farmers turn land they can t afford to farm into wildlife areas the gov would pay them subsidies the farmers were denied certain benefits if they did not let some of their land return to wildlife habitat Current Protection Measures Jurisdiction state vs federal law resident wildlife states migratory wildlife federal endangered species both some species nationally endangered some endangered only in certain states land acquisition management development federal and state on federal land federal policies are in place lots out west even today Legal Status varies by species some protected year round bluejays for ex some partially protected they can be utilized by people but are protected during some seasons some unprotected no limit no season for harvesting ex skunks How does history of legislation reflect changes in attitudes values rise of the common people new lands sustainability conservation people thought things would always be there then suddenly those things weren t there anymore bigger view of life good intentions difficult sacrifices