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UMass Amherst NRC 261 - International Trade

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NRC 261 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last LectureII. What are exotic species?III. How/why did they get here?IV. Desirable vs. Undesirable ExoticsV. Successful vs. Unsuccessful introductionsVI. Characteristics of Successful ExoticsVII. Characteristics encouraging colonization of exoticsVIII. Example of Exotics Gone Awry — New ZealandOutline of Current LectureII. Problems ConcerningI. Contributing Factors A. Political Turmoil B. Population explosion C. Poor Economies D. Greedy Consumers IV. International Trade in WildlifeV. International Regulation and Cooperation a. CITES b. Appendix I c. Appendix II d. Appendix III VI. Delisting of a speciesVII. Problems with CITESCurrent LectureHow might you determine the trade status of a species, such as the Northern hairy-nosed wombat?Problems concerning International Wildlife Conservation- Destruction of tropical rain forests: particularly a problem in the tropics because they’re so biodiverse compared to other places — the potential impacts are much higher because of that - Increase in desertification: depending on increasing human use of the landscapes, areas that were not necessarily deserts became deserts becauseof overuse - Persistence/spread of chemicals/herbicides: much more use inother places around the world than there are here in the US - insecticide DDT used through the 1960s but was the major reason why some birds of prey became endangered because thosekinds of animals eat animals that eat insects with high DDT concentrations (DDT not metabolized, it is stored with fat cells) — was banned in the US - when animals migrate to central/south america they still come into contact with DDT (expanding economies that are trying to catch up are still having the same kinds of chemical problems that we had) - Loss of habitat, in general, outside of the tropics: due toincreases populations for example - Illegal trade/traffic in "protected" or endangered species: thishas risen dramatically Contributing factorsPolitical turmoil: a result of this is negative impacts on natural and environmental things- between the tigress and euphrates river used to be a huge wetland ecosytem— got drained during the years of Sadam Hussein - sometimes people want to affect people negatively bydestroying resources they need —these are political tacticsPopulation explosion: some countries are increasing in # much faster than other countriesPoor economies: not very efficient in using the resources/land that they have, and this also leads to political turmoil and other thingsGreedy consumers: Americans are 5% of the population of the world and use 25% of the resources (not just us but other countries do this too)- in 3 years China used more concrete than the US used in the lastcentury - drive lots of the use of wildlife and wildlife trade International Trade in WildlifeWhat kinds of trade? sometimes its products (sometimes edible products like whale meat)- pet trade (example = macaws are one of the most desired and least maintained species there is, plus they’re rare and being harvested at an unsustainable rate) - handbag (made out of cayman or crocodile) Who are the consumers of wildlife?- the people who can afford it (markup on products coming out of the wild is enormous — huge inflation because it goes through many people and is highly illegal)Who are the producers? usually the local people who live on the land, or they at least get employed by people up the production chain to harvest wildlife for a variety of reasons- they can make a living out of doing this because there is demand for itInternational Regulation and CooperationConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES): first signed early in the environmental movement in 1973- today there are at least 169 countries that are signatories of this(they agree to abide by these rules) - this convention is voluntary, countries don’t have to join - signatories meet every 2-3 years to discuss whether the rules are working, if they want to change them, how the status of species should change, how species regulation should change - point is to ensure that if there is trade going on (and there is) that thistrade is sustainable — theoretically these natural organisms are renewable& keep reproducing so there is the opportunity to utilize the resources in a sustainable way - recognizes that trade can be important but it must be done correctlyAppendix I - species are endangered, no matter what country its in: we’re really worried about this species, if we don’t do something it will go extinct- if you want to do some sort of trade with it, you needboth import and export permits (move it across some international border) — most severe restriction - commercial trade is not going to happen(supposedly) — scientific reasons possibly wouldbe allowed - pertains to pieces of those species too (like blood orskulls or skin) -examples: snow leopard, gibbon species Appendix II - species are considered threatened, no matter what country: if nothing is done, they’re on the path to be classified as endangered then extinct (could be considered endangered in some countries but not all)- need a permit from the country of origin — if there is a threatened species that can be hunted and for that someone might pay a lot of money (we have enough that we think thatone could be shot and exported but the permit might cost 200,000 dollars for example) and ideally that 200,000 dollars could be used for conservation purposes pertaining to that specific animal — doesn’t mean necessarily that another country would allow it to be imported - ex: Dhole (wolf of central and southeast Asia),Pangolin (scaly anteaters) Appendix III - considered threatened by exporting country, but not necessarily other countries: a way that a country has regulations in place that other countries recognize- the exporting country regulates exports - ex: Honey badger/ratel in Botswana & Ghana, Walrus(Appendix 3 in Canada) Delisting of a species requires:- moving them from a higher appendix to a lower one or taking them off completely (this is the goal)1. Positive scientific evidence that a species can withstandexploitation — the kind of mortality that will occur because of humanexploitation is not so much that it will cause the population to godown- - have to be able to show scientifically


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