Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture II. Problems Concerning III. Contributing Factors a. Political Turmoil b. Population explosion c. Poor Economies d. Greedy Consumers IV. International Trade in Wildlife V. International Regulation and Cooperation a. CITES b. Appendix I c. Appendix II d. Appendix III VI. Delisting of a species VII. Problems with CITES Outline of Current Lecture II. Value of parks to wildlife III. Problems with parks with regard to wildlife IV. Kinds of Protected Areas V. General guidelines for establishment VI. Specific priorities in setting up protected areas VII. Designing Protected Areas NRC 261 1st EditionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF EditorTo remove this notice, visit:www.foxitsoftware.com/shoppingVIII. The Biosphere Reserve Program IX. Management Challenges Current Lecture If someone gave you $2 million to set up a new protected area, what would you have to do? What is our concept of a park? parks protect something in some way, from destruction (caused by people). This protection could be from other animals, from people. Usually a place where something is being conserved in a certain way - central park - serengeti national park Value of parks (protected areas) to wildlife preservation of “habitat” — we’d like to think that enough is protected that it is going to do good for a population (not just an individual organism) controlled management of vegetation and wildlife — may be to regulate access to the place, possibly much more intensive like getting rid of exotics, maintaining a fire regime research opportunities — this is eventually good for wildlife - a set of circumstances that is rare outside of natural areas - serves as an “intact system” or what the animals would do/how they would utilize resources before humans were around - helps us understand species so that we can conserve them public relations — advertising, ecotourism, help make people aware of the plight of certain species financial gain & reduced pressure to develop lands — great generator of revenue, gives people the opportunity to pay to see wildlife and this money can lead to increased conservation Problems of parks with regard to wildlife Loss of genetic integrity — often these ares aren’t as large as they should be - can’t always prevent inbreeding, there aren’t that many of them Overpopulation — - example = elephants. There are areas where they are protected well, but other areas where they aren’t as well protected, there are not enough resources to maintain a healthy, growing populationDirect problems with humans — many protected areas either allow or encourage utilization by people. This can lead to people feeding bears in national parks which causes the bears to start raiding cars and campgrounds etc. Indirect problems with humans — on the edges of parks or things that are done in the park (access to timber, or water, or people starting fires in the park). These disturbances can happen near parks and they can have an effect on wildlife too. Kinds of Protected Areas (IUCN = International Union for the Conservation of Nature) 1. Strict nature reserve/wilderness area — most protected kind of place - Cabo Blanco Biological Reserve in Costa Rica is closed to all public and only open for scientific research - other places that you can’t get to via motor vehicle, etc. trying to minimize the contact of wildlife with people 2. National park — - Kruger National Park in South Africa (large) is protected and managed mostly for ecosystem protection but there are recreation services in zoned areas - some of fences have come down in order to encourage animals to move into other protected areas - ensure that people there are managed in some way that goes along with the management of wildlife and ecosystems (no going out after dark for example) - Yellowstone National Park in USA has lots of visitors but there are places to hike far away from people - mixture of ecosystem preservation, sustainability, recreation 3. Natural monument — protected areas managed mainly for specific natural features - Devil’s Tower, USA = the middle of an old volcano and is a small place, only two square miles but it is protected because it is a unique place (you can’t just go inside and steal pieces of rocks) 4. Habitat/Species Management Area — used to be game reserves - Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania is about 2x side of MA — used to be a hunting reserve management area and there is still legal hunting, active fire management and selective grazing - done knowing that there are natural resources but there is also a good amount of utilization — managed in wild conditions (what do you want out there, why, and how can you keep it going?)5. Protected Landscape/Seascape — mainly for protection and recreation of the landscape or seascape - Dartmoor National Park in the UK - access and facilities for human enjoyment, grazing of ponies, cattle and sheep, Bronze Age hunts are there - 31,000 people live in this area - want to preserve current human activities and human history but it is trying to retain character (including with wildlife) - New Jersey Pinelands falls under this category 6. Managed Resource Protected Area — mainly for sustainable use of natural ecosystems - there are terrestrial reserves and marine reserves - Kiunga Marine National Reserve in Kenya — under the protection of the government, human use of this area is regulated so that they can use the resources in a sustainable way guided by expertise and knowledge General guidelines for establishment Adequate legal protection — must be laws in the country its in that say “this is protected” so must get protection through the court system Adequate actual protection in the field — must be people in the field who can enforce the laws that govern the use of that park by people - if you’re not doing what needs to be done to live up to the legal standards then its not really a park At least 10 km2 (1000 hectares) = 4 miles2 Prohibit/regulate exploitation — use of the resources that are there are prohibited or regulated in a way that the resource is sustainable at minimum - some protected