NRC 261 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last LectureII. Types of BiodiversityIII. Why Conservation Genetics?IV. TechniquesV.How Genetics Used in Conservation a.Among Species (AS) b. Within a Species (WS) c.Among Individuals (AI) VI. Potential ProblemsVII. SolutionsOutline of Current LectureII. Movement — Home Range a.Home Range b. Travel Paths c.Areas of Frequent Use III. Movement Patterns a.Range Residents b. Migrators c.Nomads IV. Social Interactions — Land Use a.Territoriality V. Social Interactions — Family LifeCurrent LectureAnimal BehaviorWhat do you need to know about behavior in order to effectively conserve & manage the These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.largest elephant population in southern AfricaBehaviors important to conservationFeeding/Hunting — how they go about getting resources?MatingMovement Patterns- like migrationActivity Patterns- ex: poaching of elephants done during day time, must change behavior to forage at night - related to human behavior and other conspecifics Social Interactions — how groups or individuals within a species interact with each other ex: Elephants have a complicated social structure, understanding this is important- they have long-term care of young (as long as it is for humans)Today’s topicsMovements (pattern and extent; ultimate causes) — how big an area animals might move and why, the reasons animals move in certain waysSocial interactions (land use/spacing and family life) — variation under different circumstances having to do with the amount of space, some have a rich family life in relation to othersMovements — Home RangeHome range: the area an individual animal uses for obtaining resources: food, mates, and abilityto care for its young- area an individual uses during the course of it’s lifetime OR over a particular time period (a season etc) is where it spends its time. - depends on the idea of habitat - the size of a home range depends on the quality of the resources — if you have everything you need, you don’t need a very large home range -ex: commuters to UMass have a larger “home range” than those who live on campusEstimating and understanding a home range – barn owl exampleRepeatedly locating an animal and circumscribing the area it “uses”- roost in barns (safe dry place to be, lots of animals they can eat) - map shown on slides : dots are places that an owl was located and plotted. The big dot is where the owl was most often found or repeatedly found. if you draw lines between these dots it would give you this home range. Travel paths-movement paths, it says that the place in the middle with lots of locations is the nest site, or the day roost (always went back to one place during the day) and the dark little dots are the night time locations.- could see a pattern— went out and came back, sometimes went out to a couple places and then came back.- owl wasn’t in between those places very oftenAreas of frequent use — why does the owl go to those particular places?- spent all day in a barn - went to alfalfa field (legume rich in nitrogen), small mammals also like to eat this too, so there’s mice in the alfalfa field that the owl wants.- owl didn’t visit row crops (soybeans or corn) because it’s not a place to find lots of small mammals- now you understand why the owl’s home range is a certain size. When it has to get food, it has to fly a relatively long distance to get to the food (resources are spread out). If the farmstead was in the middle of the Alfalfa field, then the owl would have a smaller homestead.Home range size varies with:• Body weight and trophic level - graph with different primate species: the ones represented by black are different kinds of primates —- graph measuring the weight of a group of them- they can eat vegetation and only vegetation - the larger the individual or the larger the group (as the bio mass gets larger) the home range gets bigger- biggest groups need the biggest home ranges - if you’re a tiny individual you don’t need a very large home range - lines are the lines of best fit. The whites on average are higher because they also eat fruit and meat (chimps in particular) and these sources are more rare than vegetation,- rare resources distributed more widely in a landscape, so an animal the same size as another animal but that needs those rare resources will need a larger homerange- common resources, smaller home range, rare resources, larger home range • Food quantity and distribution -relationship between home range size of wolf pack as it relates to the deer density -as you get more and more deer, the home range size goes down — when the density of deer is higher, wolf pack doesn’t have to go as far for food Movement PatternsRange residents — there is a particular place where an animal lives, and it stays there the wholeyear-year round resources (abundance can vary with seasons but as long as there is enough, the animals will stay there) -resources are distributed regularly (spread out so the animal uses the whole range the whole year) - Gray fox or raccoons for example — home range in summer and winter might change a tiny bit in size and shape, but they’ll settle in after a while Migrators — animal in one place one part of the year, and another a different part of the year- annual event - usually a relatively long-distance move — going from point A to point B - results from seasonal changes in: - resource abundance: can change between seasons (relative resource abundance)- distribution of resources —birds fly south in the winter -ex: salamanders migrated from uplands to lowlands (where they were gonna lay eggs and reproduce) — first night of spring that it rains and it is above 40 degrees, salamanders will migrate - ex: columbia spotted frog does a similar migration (around 1,000 meters) -Bighorn sheep in the mountains of the west — spend winter at low elevations with cover and food, and in summer they migrate to high elevation with fresh spring grasses (high quality food that is otherwise unavailable) -American oystercatcher — variety of birds that make thousand mile migrations (warblers that nest in new england in the springtime go down to the caribbean or south america in the winter) Nomads — unpredictable movement- under circumstances where the resources