NRC 261 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 7Introduction1. Be able to define:Wildlife - now mainly vertebrates, sometimes endangered plants/invertebrates Conservation - stewardship of wildlife species & habitats 2. How can wildlife populations be managed? hunting, trapping, restoration, relocation, captive breeding-habitat protection, improvement or degradation -education/changing attitudes and beliefs-changes in policy and laws3. How are Wildlife Management and Wildlife Conservation different or the same? managementtypically refers to a focus on game species (hunting) and conservation includes non-economic values. They often overlap/mean the same thing but can alsocreate a conflict of values4. What is wildlife science? the process of gaining scientific knowledge about wildlifeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.5. What do Wildlife Conservationists do? they can be managers, scientists or outreach6. Who do Wildlife Conservationists work for? non-governmental organizations, consultants, nature conservancy, or industries like forestry and mining, governmentsor schools as teachers7. Where can you easily find listings of wildlife conservation jobs? www.conbio.or g www.wildlife.or gX wfsc.tamu.ed uX www.usajobs.opm.go vXChapter 1: Defining Wildlife and Wildlife ManagementWhat is the difference between the client model and the stakeholder model of wildlife management?- client model = management style paying more attention to licensed hunters and anglers who paid for the services of management- stakeholder model = incorporated not only hunters/anglers but also anyone who had a vested interest in a wildlife program, issue, action, or decision-this is the current model (moved away from the client model)Know the difference between Active versus Inactive management.Active management = does something to the population in a direct manner through strategies like translocations or hunting. (ex: increasing or decreasing its size)- can also alter the habitat Inactive management = minimize eternal influences on populations & habitats (more often management of humans & not animals, like national parks)- also if populations aren’t understood well enough to take action*all populations are managed in one of these two waysWhat are the four basic options for managing wildlife?1. increase population #’s—when species is endanger for example2. reduce the population—when population is too large3. manage population for sustained yield—in the case of game animals (hunting)4. do nothing—sometimes monitor (keep track of species under supervision)At the end of the chapter are some classifications of wildlife – what is the usefulness of such classifications? the way wildlife is classified often dictateshow it will be managed, because different kinds of wildlife require different management options*now wildlife typically refers only to vertebratesChapter 3: The Wildlife ProfessionalWhat is the Roosevelt Doctrine as it relates to wildlife management? it focuses on the need for scientifically based wildlife management, stating that all outdoor resources are part of an integral whole, that conservation is a public representation, and thatscience is the tool for discharging that responsibilityOut of the list of 14 ethical demands of wildlife professional (pp. 27-29), which two do you think are likely the most violated?pick two and have good reasons for why you picked the ones you did. For example: #13. “Avoid performing professional services to clients or employers when a service is contrary to the code of ethics”. This is because it can be hard to turn down money, and also sometimes it might not appear detrimental to wildlife resources or theirenvironment right away.Lecture 2 (January 22)Wildlife Issues and Human AttitudesGive examples of how values change with time and geography Time:-Peregrine falcons used to be seen as a menace who would swoop in and killducks. People were told to kill the falcons whenever possible becausepeople liked ducks and didn’t want them being killed—they valued the lives of the ducks more than the falcons. However, the falcons became endangered, and suddenly people realized thatthey needed to save this species—they began to value the falcons.Geography:-in the US we see our dogs as companions and pets, however in china and otherasian countries dogs are seen as food. In india cows are revered and they couldn’t even imagine eating one, or even touching one in some cases, but in the US burgers are oneof our favorite foodsKnow the different categories (n = 3) and types (n = 11 total) of human values of wildlife, and be able to apply them to a wildlife species (e.g., wolf or bluebird) - Positive-aesthetic — can be applied to any animal that is enjoyable to observe -recreational—people love hunting, fishing etc. and also bird watching -ecological—beavers making dams causing positive changes -educational/scientific-utilitarian—must hunt to eat, can be used for medicine -commercial—helps provide human jobs, like zoos- Negative-accidents— automobile collision with a moose -economic—predators (like wolves) kill livestock-disease — many diseases deadly to the human population originated with animals- Strategic-political—national birds (eagle), using presence of endangered speciesto benefit you in some way-marketing—team mascots (ex: Baltimore Ravens), beer logos etc.What kinds of values were/are most prominent for humans as hunter/gatherers? As agriculturalists/livestock herders?Hunter/GatherersPositive:products from wildlife—like furs to keep warm, food to eat social—hunting as a group and forming connections Negative:competition—between other groups of humans and other animals who need to eat Agriculturalists/livestock herdersPositive:products from animals social values—doing it together domesticated animals—helped control wild animals and were companions Which three disciplines of the social sciences most frequently provide insights about the human dimensions of wildlife management? In what ways?Social psychology, sociology and economics.Social Psych: theory of reasoned action or planned behavior helps to understand variations in stakeholder support for certain actions.Sociology: how people behave as members of a group, how they’re influenced by social structureEconomics: positive and negative