CH9 10 THINKING AND LANGUAGE INTELLIGENCE THINKING Expressive language development Receptive development far exceeds expressive development children understand before producing language Cooing 5 8wks Babbling involves partial consonants Expressive jargon all about phonemes Have the sounds of the language and sound structure of sentences they use the phonemes they hear o Sounds like a different language with the same phonemes that we use First word avg 13mo o nominals names specific like Frank general cat o holophrase a single word representing a complex idea child saying dog to mean that the dog ate her cereal Two word utterances o telegraphic speech Human language Nature and Nurture A role for nature Chomksy LAD Lennerberg Support o Universal stages of language development o Active language acquisition A role for nurture INTELLIGENCE 3 approaches 1 Psychometric approach 2 Triarchical approach 3 Gardner s multiple intelligences Psychometric approach Representative intelligence tests o Standard Binet intelligence scale originated in France Piaget worked on this Used to identify children who would have trouble learning in a regular classroom o Wechsler intelligence scale for Children III Intelligence tests have a history of misuse Ex using to determine who to put In the front line of war based on their intelligence Bottom line no real idea of what intelligence is they re smart how IQ Tsien s genetically altered doogie mice who were altered to learn faster than others Controversies Biology is destiny Jensen 1985 said that biology is destiny and can be tested with IQ tests said that there s differences based on ethnicity Blacks vs white 15 pt difference led to the drop of funding for kick start program because they thought itd make no difference if it s biological program for underprivileged children who receive education and care Hernstein and Murray looked at tests scores Those with low IQ s will not do well in society biologically based led to fund cuts of programs Environment plays a large role Scarr and Weinberg 1983 Study on transracial adoption White upper middle class families adopt African American children from poor families IQ data on the adoptive parents and the child child s IQ score was close to the adoptive parents IQ is not an intelligence test it s a test of achievement in white middle class schools Tests are based on culture People that write the test questions might be in a different culture than those taking it leading to wrong answers Shirly Brice Health 1989 She had African American mothers parents read to their children Different styles White parents information seeking questions IQ questions Ex how many balloons are there What color is that AA moms Connecting materials to real life and how the kids felt about it Ex do you remember when we went to that birthday Do you remember when we had fun at that party Intelligence is a combo of biology and environment Sternberg s Triarchic Theory of intelligence 3 subtheories 1 Componential subtheory 2 Experiential subtheory 3 Contextual subtheory Componential information processing view of intelligence Metacognition central processor Part of mind that knows what tasks are easy for you hard for you executive part Strategy application access to the strategies you have to do tasks Makes the strategy available what strategy to actually use o Ex heuristics Knowledge acquisition acquires the information you actually need o Fills in the holes when you don t know everything you need to solve a problem Experiential Ability to deal with novelty of task new tasks Automatization of skills Contextual when we can t adapt we shape when we can t shape we select out Ex relationships Adapting Shaping Selecting Sternberg s rival Howard Gardner Gardner developed the view that intelligence comes in many forms Gardner s theory of multiple intelligences these intelligences are not related to each other independent Linguistic Logico mathematical development of scientifical and mathematical thinking Musical pitch rhythm tonality composition etc Spatial Bodily kinesthetic motor skills o Bowler ballerina soccer player basketball player Interpersonal your ability to understand empathize and predict other peoples emotionality emotions what they ll do with it Intrapersonal ability to understand emotions within yourself Ability to Introspect and understand your own emotions Issues In School Do schools foster creativity Divergent and convergent thinking Ex trying to come up with an ad campaign divergent thinking Test of divergent ability schools do not foster divergent thinking but only convergent thinking Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation we can motivate people from the inside or outside Extrinsic sources 50bucks for a good grade grades in it of themselves are extrinsic Locus of control internal believe that the world is under their control When you get a good grade I did a good job I studied well external F on a test that class is too hard the professors not good Achievement related attributions Mastery oriented attributions driven by intrinsic internal locus of control Ex people want to master it not for the grade but to do well for themselves Roped learning task of dogs dogs roped together and told to jump through a hoop Dog in charge learned well dog not in charge does not learn well Performance oriental attributions o Learned helplessness people with mastery orientation tend not to learn helplessness People with performance orientation tend to develop learned helplessness in the face of adversity