CH14: social psychologySocial cognition: behavior influenced by others despite social ‘rules’ already setEx: elevator trick: people walking in and facing the other way causes the next personto follow even though they know they’re facing the wrong waySocial pressure to conform:- Asch’s social pressure experiment-1 line on the left, Look at the 3 lines and determine which line is equal in length withthe left line:Only 1 person is a subject, the others were placed by the experimenters to say the wrong answer* The 1 subj. yields to the wrong answers in 37% of the critical trials, but through interviews they went along with the group for different reasons: “they must be right,there’s 4 of them and 1 of me!” or goes along to avoid discomfort with the group, even though he knows he’s wrongWith a partner the subject says the right answer, saying that the other person had noinfluence on their decision. Only 5% Only the 1 subject was told to write down their answer, reduced their anxiety to conform, the group wont see what they write so they write the right answer.- Social comparison: look for others that guide us in our thinkingo Ex: are you going to vote for her? Do you see that?- Cognitive dissonance: avoid discomfort -> acto Ex: there was a cult that believed the earth was going to be destroyed, aliens would save them. Knew the day and time it would happen. Everyone assembled at the spot the aliens would come and get them. When the aliens didn’t show up, they fell into an uncomfortable state. The leaders had a meeting and said, the aliens didn’t come because they decided to save the whole planet.- Perceiving otherso Forming impressions, making good impressions.o Pattern perception: look for consistency across all the situations the person is in Ex: seeing the same person in class -> union -> downtown -> bars- Central traits: some traits are more important than others, they guide uso Wrote stories about individuals and write a list of traitso Intelligent, skillful, warm, determined, practical, cautious, etc.o Intelligent, skillful, cold, determined, practical, cautious, etc. These traits acted as central to determining completely different stories.- First impressions- Illusory correlations: from first impressions we have a guided perception and look for those characteristicso Ex: seeing someone with their fly down and thinking they’re ‘doofy’, then we look for ‘doofy’ traitsAttributions: when we make judgments about other people- Attribution process- Situation- Dispositiono Based on personalityo The way we act is situationally determined,  Ex: someone knocked your stuff over accidently: what a jerk! He’s not niceo Fundamental attribute error: you have to think about/consider the situation**Crowd Behavior: behaving differently with a crowd than when alone- Pluralistic ignorance: belief that they’re alone in thinking : we shouldn’t be doing this. But in fact, everyone is thinking the same thingo you’re the only one that thinks it:o When you think it’s a bad idea but no one else thinks its bad so you do it.- Diffusion of responsibility: the crowd is responsible, you are not.o Each individual person doesn’t feel invested in responsibility- Deindividuationo Ex: KKK wearing masks: to unite them as a group, promote Deindividuationo Anonymity: losing your sense of selfo Social facilitation vs social loafing Social facilitation ex: cheerleaders Social loafing ex: group projects, the ones who don’t do anything in the group- The responsibility spreads out and they don’t feel personally invested.Altruism- The case of Kitty Genovese: lack of altruismo Kitty was stabbed by a man repeatedly, then dragged away and raped. 38 people were watched in an apartment and they didn’t do anything or call the cops.o The crowd situation influenced them to act/not act.- Bystander effecto Ambiguity: weren’t sure it was a real attack, thought it was fake/acting/people fooling aroundo Pluralistic ignorance: “maybe it is real..but these other people don’t seem worried, I guess it’s fake”o Diffusion of responsibility: “somebody will do something, doesn’t haveto be me!” nobody did anything. Nobody felt personally invested to do anythingPanicky crowds: Ex: someone yells “Fire!” (even if it’s not really a fire) and smoke comes through the door, people will run out the door and someone falls, they’ll keep running over themGoverned by situational variables. Try and understand situations, doesn’t mean people are innocent but try.Obedience- Obedience and personality- Obedience and situation (Milgram): o Being another person’s agent Milgram experiment: man in lab coat (the “agent”) saying “Go in, continue” to use as their agent to say they were just ‘following orders’o Reinterpretation (routinization) Milgram Experiment: raising the volts by increments of 15, it becomes a routine. If it’s okay at 15volts, it’s okay at 30volts, etc. Makes it difficult to stop because it was okay during the last increment -> routineo Good manners: “Please sir, go check on that man in there” “Please sir…” Polite. Almost don’t want to stop because they feel like it’d be “bad manners”o Entrapment: trapped in the behavior because the experimenters created the situation so perfectly. “I had no choice”o Dehumanization: “Learner and teacher” : psychology distances the volunteers from the man being shocked. “shocking the learner” instead of “shocking a man”- Ex: Nazi behavior: tested for psychopathology to see if they had personality disorders. Came out normal -> situational variables were manipulated to get Guards to follow orders to murder and torture. o Regular people, “normal” people can be manipulated The cultural context- What is culture?o Sum total of learning behavior in any given society- What do cultural psychologists do?o Look at different cultures to see if there are differences in all kinds of domains (ex: parenting, child rearing, courtship, marriage patterns,how we think/feel about the elderly, gender differences, psychopathology, sexual orientation, etc.)- Examples of cultural differenceso Different cultures have different ways of behaving that may seem strange to us Gender and culture- Circumcisiono Few/contradictory medical reasoning, but majority of people in U.S. do it:o Urinary tract infection proneo STI: partners of men who are not circumcised who happen to be HIV+, the