CH15 Psychological DisordersHistory and Madness- Demonic possessiono Hearing voices, visual hallucinations, losing touch of reality Old cultural practice: cutting holes in their skulls to let out the demonsDisease- Somatogenic. “Soma” = body “genetic” = origino General paresis: had progressive dementia, seizures Affected more men than women- Mental disorder caused by something physical: Disease caused by a bacterial infection ->mentally ill 10% people in 1800s-1850 were in mental hospitals for general paresis.- Today it is called, “Syphilis” - Psychogenic: origin of the mind. Driven by something psychological o Your mind is making you physically ill.o Psychosomatic illnesses are psychogenic Defining mental disordersUsing:- Cultural standardso Ex: transvestites/cross dressing isn’t seen as ‘bad’ like in our society- Maladaptive behavioro Behavior that is hurting yourself or otherso Some called cross-dressing “maladaptive” but it is not.- Emotional distresso Jeffrey Dahmer: raped, murdered and dismembered 17 boys and men  Diagnosed with borderline personality disorder His crimes did NOT cause him emotional distress. Was not particularly sorry but he DID know RIGHT FROM WRONG. Did NOT lose touch of reality- Therefore he was Judged sane and was sent to prison- DSM- diagnostic and sophistical manual of mental disorderso Clinical symptoms, personality disorders, etcSchizophrenia: it is NOT a split personality.Fractured personality. Disorganized in their thinkingHallucinations (auditory/visual)Positive symptoms (doesn’t mean “good”, presence of inappropriate behaviors)- Delusions- Hallucinations- Disorganized incoherent speech- Disorganized inappropriate behaviorNegative symptoms (absence of appropriate behavior, problems doing things that normal people typically can do)- Loss of motivation- Emotional flatness- Impoverished speech: don’t say much, one word utterances- Social withdrawalCausation and Schizophrenia- Genetic predispositiono People who are relatedo Identical twins*o More closely related you are: the more likely you are to have it= concordance rate (Similarity %)- Structural brain abnormalitiesTimeline trajectory: start off with positive symptoms and gradually after years negative symptoms start to appear - Neurotransmitter abnormality: excess of dopamine receptorso Results in positive symptoms of schizophrenia- Prenatal abnormalitieso Possibility of viral infection at critical point in prenatal development that predisposes for schizophrenia- Vulnerability-stress approacho Some are more vulnerable to the symptoms than otherso Biological: environment, cause in biological changes, genetic. Some stressor in the environment causes  Without the stressors: chance that individual wont express the symptoms unlike someone with stressors. o Ex: man’s fiancé dumped him for his best friend, shortly after he beganacting irrationally -> stressor -> schizophreniaMood DisordersDisorders of Affect: emotionality1. Bipolar disorder: “manic depression”3 mood states:o Mania- feelings of euphoria, hyper optimism, poor judgment and impulsivity  Ex: spend tons of $$,  Don’t sleep, start projects they don’t finish Sexually promiscuous behavior: infidelityo Depression Feelings of grief Extreme sadnesso Normalcy: in between. Mania -> normalcy -> depression FluctuatesScarcity of norepenephrineCausation:- Genetic predisposition- Concordance rate in identical twins 70%- Treated medicallyo Mood altering drugso Can’t just treat the ‘depression’ need to treat all stages to balance out the moods.- Risk of suicide - More diagnosed in womeno Women are more likely to go get help for depression. Woman are morehelp-seekers than men are2. Unipolar depression (major depression)30% heritabilityover abundance of norepinephrine Treatment: serotonin reuptake-inhibitors: Prozac, zolaf, etc. keep serotonin available at the synapseForms tolerance to drugs->switch drugsBut cannot increase the dosage because of the side effects3. Seasonal Affect Disorder Highest at winter: longest period of darkness.Seems to be affected by lightSeen more in places with long places of darkness4. Causation and treatment:a. Our culture likes quick fixes and drug therapyDo mood disorders “fuel” creative expression?Van Gough: suffered possibly from bipolar.Gender differences and depression:- Women have depression more than men- Married men, single men, married women, single women: highest rates of depression in married women and single men- WOMEN ATTEMPT SUICIDE MORE: use diff. methods than men: drugs, poisoning (carbon monoxide). They attempt but are often CAUGHT- MEN SUCCEED AT SUICIDE MORE: more likely to use gun-Marital status interacts with gender and suggests that depression is not simply hormonal. Depression and suicide-Height of depression and bipolar they USUALLY don’t kill themselves.-> theyre just in their rooms not eating, not doing anything. Don’t care to kill yourself-> Treatment, feel better -> feel better enough to kill themselvesAnxiety Disorders- Phobiaso Intense irrational fearso Tend to expand and become more incapacitating Some specific phobias:- Acarophobia: insects, mites- Achluophobia: darkness, night- Acrophobia- Ailurophobia- Amarthophobia- Androphobia- ApiphobiaPreparedness theory of phobia: why we may have common phobiasAnything that crept or crawled in africa were deadly -> picked for survivalEmergent therapy: example- for phobia of flying: Expose you to the exact thing youre afraid of: talk about it, see pictures, go to the airport, get on the plane and it drives around in the ground, takes off short flight, longer flight.- Generalized anxiety disordero Ex: you get a 90 for your avg but your professor says “no you always had a D what are you saying?”o Tense, nervous, upset feelings.o Problems with eating and sleeping o Increased heart rate- Panic disordero “anxiety tornado” o attack of severe anxietyo heart beats out of control, cant breathe- post-traumatic stress syndromeo typical time range: 10 years of triggering events- OCD: obsessive compulsive disordero Thoughts that wont go away Ex: that somebody might dieo To rid the bad thoughts->compulsive behavior Ex: washing hands Have rules: turning lights on and off, etc.Dissociative DisordersAmnesia and Fugue: - Dissociative amnesia: forget some part of their life- Fugue state: forget who they are and start a new by themselves- Reality is so stressful that you