CH15 Psychological Disorders History and Madness Demonic possession o Hearing voices visual hallucinations losing touch of reality Old cultural practice cutting holes in their skulls to let out the demons Disease Somatogenic Soma body genetic origin o General paresis had progressive dementia seizures Affected more men than women Mental disorder caused by something physical Disease caused by a bacterial infection mentally ill 10 people in 1800s 1850 were in mental hospitals for general paresis Today it is called Syphilis Psychogenic origin of the mind Driven by something psychological o Your mind is making you physically ill o Psychosomatic illnesses are psychogenic Defining mental disorders Using Cultural standards o Ex transvestites cross dressing isn t seen as bad like in our society Maladaptive behavior o Behavior that is hurting yourself or others o Some called cross dressing maladaptive but it is not Emotional distress o Jeffrey Dahmer raped murdered and dismembered 17 boys and men Diagnosed with borderline personality disorder His crimes did NOT cause him emotional distress Was not particularly sorry but he DID know RIGHT FROM WRONG Did NOT lose touch of reality Therefore he was Judged sane and was sent to prison DSM diagnostic and sophistical manual of mental disorders o Clinical symptoms personality disorders etc Schizophrenia it is NOT a split personality Fractured personality Disorganized in their thinking Hallucinations auditory visual Positive symptoms doesn t mean good presence of inappropriate behaviors Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized incoherent speech Disorganized inappropriate behavior Negative symptoms absence of appropriate behavior problems doing things that normal people typically can do Loss of motivation Emotional flatness Impoverished speech don t say much one word utterances Social withdrawal Causation and Schizophrenia Genetic predisposition o People who are related o Identical twins o More closely related you are the more likely you are to have it concordance rate Similarity Structural brain abnormalities Timeline trajectory start off with positive symptoms and gradually after years negative symptoms start to appear Neurotransmitter abnormality excess of dopamine receptors o Results in positive symptoms of schizophrenia Prenatal abnormalities o Possibility of viral infection at critical point in prenatal development that predisposes for schizophrenia Vulnerability stress approach o Some are more vulnerable to the symptoms than others o Biological environment cause in biological changes genetic Some stressor in the environment causes Without the stressors chance that individual wont express the symptoms unlike someone with stressors o Ex man s fianc dumped him for his best friend shortly after he began acting irrationally stressor schizophrenia Mood Disorders Disorders of Affect emotionality 1 Bipolar disorder manic depression 3 mood states o Mania feelings of euphoria hyper optimism poor judgment and impulsivity Ex spend tons of Don t sleep start projects they don t finish Sexually promiscuous behavior infidelity o Depression Feelings of grief Extreme sadness o Normalcy in between Mania normalcy depression Fluctuates Scarcity of norepenephrine Causation Genetic predisposition Concordance rate in identical twins 70 Treated medically o Mood altering drugs o Can t just treat the depression need to treat all stages to balance out the moods Risk of suicide More diagnosed in women o Women are more likely to go get help for depression Woman are more help seekers than men are 2 Unipolar depression major depression 30 heritability over abundance of norepinephrine Treatment serotonin reuptake inhibitors Prozac zolaf etc keep serotonin available at the synapse Forms tolerance to drugs switch drugs But cannot increase the dosage because of the side effects 3 Seasonal Affect Disorder Highest at winter longest period of darkness Seems to be affected by light Seen more in places with long places of darkness 4 Causation and treatment a Our culture likes quick fixes and drug therapy Do mood disorders fuel creative expression Van Gough suffered possibly from bipolar Gender differences and depression Women have depression more than men Married men single men married women single women highest rates of depression in married women and single men WOMEN ATTEMPT SUICIDE MORE use diff methods than men drugs poisoning carbon monoxide They attempt but are often CAUGHT MEN SUCCEED AT SUICIDE MORE more likely to use gun Marital status interacts with gender and suggests that depression is not simply hormonal Depression and suicide Height of depression and bipolar they USUALLY don t kill themselves theyre just in their rooms not eating not doing anything Don t care to kill yourself Treatment feel better feel better enough to kill themselves Anxiety Disorders Phobias o Intense irrational fears o Tend to expand and become more incapacitating Some specific phobias Acarophobia insects mites Achluophobia darkness night Acrophobia Ailurophobia Amarthophobia Androphobia Apiphobia Preparedness theory of phobia why we may have common phobias Anything that crept or crawled in africa were deadly picked for survival Emergent therapy example for phobia of flying Expose you to the exact thing youre afraid of talk about it see pictures go to the airport get on the plane and it drives around in the ground takes off short flight longer flight Generalized anxiety disorder o Ex you get a 90 for your avg but your professor says no you always had a D what are you saying o Tense nervous upset feelings o Problems with eating and sleeping o Increased heart rate Panic disorder o anxiety tornado o attack of severe anxiety o heart beats out of control cant breathe post traumatic stress syndrome o typical time range 10 years of triggering events OCD obsessive compulsive disorder o Thoughts that wont go away Ex that somebody might die o To rid the bad thoughts compulsive behavior Ex washing hands Have rules turning lights on and off etc Dissociative Disorders Amnesia and Fugue Dissociative amnesia forget some part of their life Fugue state forget who they are and start a new by themselves Reality is so stressful that you break away from it Dissociative identity disorder MPD The MPD Controversy o Was it under diagnosed Or are we therapy INDUCING it It was the rarest disorder in the past but now it is not uncommon Research on MPD Causation o Consistent factor they have a horrific childhood characterized by