CH11 MOTIVATION AND WORK Motivations need or desire that energizes and directs behavior arise from interplay between nature and nurture 4 perspectives for viewing motivated behaviors 1 Instinct theory now replaced by evolutionary perspective focuses on predisposed behaviors 2 Drive reduction theory focuses on finding right level of stimulation 3 Hierarchy of needs how some of our needs take priority over others Instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned Ex human unlearned fixed patterns rooting sucking Drive reduction theory idea that physiological bodily need creates an aroused tension state drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Ex eating drinking physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis Homeostasis tendency to maintain balanced constant internal state regulation of any aspect of the body chemistry like blood glucose around a particular level Ex temperature regulation system If our body temp cools body vessels constrict to conserve warmth feel driven to put on more clothes seek warmer environment etc Incentives positive negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Ex when there is both need and incentive food deprived person smells baking bread feels a strong hunger drive In the presence of that drive the baking bread compelling incentive Our motives are pushed by our needs and pulled by incentives in the environment Some motivated behaviors increase arousal Human motivation aims not to ELIMINATE arousal but to seek OPTIMUM LEVELS of arousal Ex people wanting to climb mt Everest just because driven by curiosity well fed animals leave shelter to explore and gain information in the absence of any need based drive Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow s pyramid of human needs Base physiological bodily needs that must first be satisfied before high level safety needs then psychological needs become active top bottom of pyramid Physiological needs is the first basis 6 Self transcendence needs need to find meaning and identity beyond self transpersonal 5 Self actualization needs need to live up to our fullest and unique potential 4 Esteem needs need for self esteem achievement competence independence need for recognition and respect from others 3 Belongingness love needs need to love and be loved to belong and be accepted need to avoid loneliness and separation 2 Safety needs need to feel that the world is organized and predictable need to feel safe 1 Physiological needs need to satisfy hunger and thirst Marlow s hierarchy is somewhat arbitrary order of such needs is not universally fixed people starved themselves to make a political statement 4 representative motives physiological level hunger Ancel Keys studied semi starvation by cutting the food intake of 36 males all wartime conscientious in half Without thinking men began conserving more energy appeared apathetic o Psychological effects food obsessed They daydreamed about food talked about food and lost interest in sex and social activities Preoccupations illustrated the power of activated motives to hijack our consciousness When youre hungry thirsty fatigued sexually aroused nothing else really seems to matter Physiology of Hunger what triggers it o A L Washburn intentionally swallowed a balloon When inflated to fill his stomach the balloon transmitted his stomach contractions to a recording device Washburn was having stomach contractions whenever he felt hungry o What about without stomach pangs Researchers removed rats stomachs and attached their esophagi to their small intestines the rats continued to get hungry and eat Some hunger persists similarly in humans who ulcerated or cancerous stomachs have been removed Body Chemistry and the Brain People and other animals automatically regular their calorie intake to prevent energy deficits and maintain a stable body weight Glucose form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues When its level is low we feel hunger insulin is secreted by the Pancreas and controls blood glucose Arcuate nucleus secretes appetite stimulating hormones and another center that secretes appetite suppressing hormones When an appetite enhancing center is stimulated electrically well fed animals begin to eat If the area is destroyed even starving animals have no interest in food When appetite suppressing center is stimulated electrically animals will stop eating Destroy this area and animals will eat more and more and become fat Blood vessels connect the hypothalamus to the rest of the body so it can respond to our current blood chemistry and other incoming info monitor levels of appetite hormones like ghrelin hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach during bypass surgery for severe obesity seal off part of the stomach new stomach produces much less ghrelin and appetite is lessened Leptin secreted by fat cells PYY secreted from the digestive tract appetite hormones that decrease hunger Orexin triggers hunger secreted by the hypothalamus Set point point at which a person s weight thermostat is set When the body falls below this weight an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight in humans and rats heredity influences body type and set point basal metabolic rate body s resting rate of energy expenditure Rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest the semi starved men stabilized at their normal weight taking half their previous calories by reducing their energy expenditure through inactivity but also because of a 29 drop in their basal metabolic rate Researchers abandoned the idea of a biologically fixed set point because given unlimited access to a wide variety of foods people and other animals tend to overeat and gain weight o Prefer the term settling point indicate the level at which a person s weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure Psychology of hunger part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal As time passes since we last ate we anticipate eating again and start feeling hungry patients with amnesia have no memory of events thus they don t remember eating and will eat when offered even 20 minutes after eating their lunch Taste preferences biology and culture Our preferences for sweet and salty tastes are genetic universal Other taste preferences are conditioned people given highly salted foods develop a liking for excess salt Culture affects