CH12: EMOTIONS, STRESS, AND HEALTHEmotions: response of the whole organism involving:1. Physiological/bodily arousal (heart pounding)2. Expressive behaviors (quickened pace)3. Conscious experience a. Thoughts (Is this a kidnapping?)b. Feelings (panic, fear, joy)2big questions:1. Does your bodily arousal come before or after your emotional feelings?a. “Did I first notice my racing heart then feel terror? Or did my sense of fear come first, making my heart beat fast and pace quicken?2. How do thinking (cognition) and feeling interact? Does cognition always come before emotion? (Did I think about a kidnapping threat before I reacted emotionally?)James-Lange Theory: our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological/bodily response to emotion-arousing stimuli-bodily response/arousal comes BEFORE Emotion we feel sorry because we cry NOT we cry because we feel sorrynotice racing heart -> shake with fright -> feel the emotionCannon-Bard Theory: emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the experience of the emotion-Arousal and Emotion Occur SIMULTANEOUSLYWalter Cannon: body’s responses – heart rate, perspiration, body temp – are too similar and they change too slowly to CAUSE the diff. emotions.Philip Bard: bodily responses and experienced emotions occur separately butsimultaneously“My heart pounded AS i experienced fear” -this theory was challenged by studies of people with severed spinal cords.- Lower spine injuries (lost sensation only in their legs): reported little change in emotions intensity.- High spinal cord injury (could feel nothing below neck): DID report changes.-some reactions were less intense than before the injuries-emotions expressed mostly in body areas ABOVE the neck were felt MORE intensely. Ex: increase in weeping, lumps in throat, getting choked up when saying goodbyes, etc.*our bodily responses seemingly feed out experienced emotionsSchachter & Singer: Cognition can DEFINE emotionSchachter & Singer believed that: emotional experience requires conscious interpretation of arousal: physical reactions + thoughts = emotions- Two-factor theory: to experience emotion one must: be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.o Spillover effect: arousal spills over from one event to the next. Ex: arousal form a soccer match -> anger -> rioting/violence- Arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels itCognition may NOT precede Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux and Lazarus- We have many emotional reactions apart from, even BEFORE our interpretation of a situation.o Ex: liking someone or something immediately without knowing why- Emotional responses can follow 2 different brain pathwayso High-road: complex feelings (hatred, love) travel (via thalamus) to the brain’s cortex->analyzed and labeled before command is sent out by the amygdala (emotion control center) to respondo Low road: simple likes, dislikes, fears take neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex. Fear-provoking stimulus would travel via thalamus directly to amygdala. Enables QUICK emotional response BEFORE our intellect intervenes to interpret Amygdala reactions are so fast that we may be UNAWARE of what’s transpired.- Some emotional responses do NOT require CONSCIOUS thinking. MUCH of our emotional life operates via the automatic, speedy low road.- Lazarus: Appraisal (“is it dangerous or not?”) – sometimes without our awareness – defines emotion o We assess the sound of the rustling bushes as the presence of a threat. LATER, realizing that it was just the wind. Emotions & Autonomic Nervous SystemSympathetic division of your autonomic nervous system MOBILIZES your body foraction, directing your adrenal glands to release stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal:Sympathetic division (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming)- Pupils dilate pupils contract- Salivation decreases salivation increases- Skin perspires skin dries- Heart accelerates heart slows- Digestion inhibits digestion activates- Adrenal glands secrete stress decrease secretion of stress hormoneHormoneArousal affects perform in different ways DEPENDING ON THE TASKEx: taking a test: pays to be MODERATELY AROUSED – alert but not trembling with nervousness. TOO LITTLE arousal -> disruptivePhysiology of emotions: do different emotions activate different physiological and brain pattern responses?Different emotions do NOT have sharply distinct biological signatures. They DON’T engage sharply distinct brain regions - Insula (neural center deep inside brain): activated when we experience various social emotions: lust, pride, disgust. “lights up” for various emotions (bite into disgusting food, smell the same disgustingfood, think about biting into a disgusting bug, feel moral disgust over sleazy business, etc)- Despite similarities, these emotions FEEL different and LOOK different.o Facial muscles: Fear & joy prompt similar increased heart rate, stimulate diff. facial muscleso Emotions activate in different areas of brain’s cortex Negative emotions: right prefrontal cortex tends to be more active than the left- Depression-prone people & those with generally negative personalities: more right frontal activity Positive emotions: trigger more left frontal lobe activity- Positive personality: show more activity in left frontal than right Detecting emotion in others:Most of us read NONVERBAL cues well.Especially good at detecting NON-VERBAL THREATS- Subliminally flashed words: more often sense the presence of negative ones (snake/bomb)- Crowd of faces: a single ANGRY face pops out faster than a single HAPPY one- When hearing another language, most of us readily detect ANGERExperience can sensitize us to particular emotions- Physically abused children are much quicker than others to spot the signals of anger in a face morphing form anger to fear.Difficult to detect DECEIVING expressions-behavioral differences between liars and truth tellers are too minute for most people to detect.Some are more sensitive than others to physical cues-introverts tend to excel at reading others emotions-extroverts are generally easier to readGENDER, EMOTION, NONVERBAL BEHAVIORWOMEN:- Surpass men at reading people’s emotional cues when given “thin slices” of behavior.- Surpass men in deciding whether a male-female couple is genuine romantic or posed phony couple- Greater emotional literacy (b/c nonverbal