TEL-T205 1st Edition Lecture 14 Children and Prosocial Effects1) Sesame Street: the longest running TV program of any kinda) 1950’s-1960’s U.S. had the uprising of preschoolsb) Public school (K-12) was free however preschool cost a lot of moneyi) Middle and Lower class did not have access to preschoolii) However the skills taught in preschool worked to better prepare children for Kindergarteniii) Gave children confidence in learning and they tended to like school moreiv) Preschools was reserved for the elites and increased the knowledge gap betweenthe haves and the havenotsc) Sesame Street was created as an alternative to preschool to fill the void in the knowledge gapi) Target audience was 3-4 year oldsii) It worked incredible welld) Exposurei) Had to be something that kids wanted to watch sesame street mastered thise) Effectsi) Kids who viewed sesame street pick up pre reading and math skills: did better inKindergartenii) Skills built on each other kids then did better in grade school, middle school, high school(1) These children also tended to take harder classes, more leisure reading(2) More likely to go to college and graduate collegeiii) Moderator of effects: parents are an important part(1) If parents watch the show with kids then the child’s benefits are enhancedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.(a) Scaffaling build on top of each other, providing loose structure to assist children in learning(b) Sesame Street works hard to appeal to parents2) Media Violence For all agesa) Contentb) Public Debate: disconnect from scientific evidencei) Tend to happen after a national crisisii) Usually related to gun controlc) Side #1: exposure to media violence is causing kids to kill each other or mass murderi) School shootings are news worthy because they are rare events(1) Making them the exceptionii) This is not the violence we are concerned aboutiii) Debate revolves around media violence as a primary reason for Violence(1) False: many factors go into aggression d) Side #2: media violence has not impacti) Fundamental misunderstanding of concernii) Media violenceaccumulative association & exposure overtime may cause aggression in a certain situation iii) Long-term process not good at attributing causeiv) Argument: violent media increases and violent action or crimes decreases(1) Problem with argument: assumes media violence is the one factor or cause ofhuman aggressione) The scientific consensus: disconnect with the public belief(1) **not the main or only cause BUT exposure to media violence increases the likelihood of aggression(2) Why Disconnect?(a) The way research is reported influences public perception due to the importance of brevity, it leads to easy reports [does it or does it not cause](b) Maintain objectivity leads to disproportionate news coveragef) Accumulation of Evidencei) Build to create a body of knowledge(1) Surveys(2) Longitudinal Studies(3) Laboratory experiments(4) Field experiments(5) Risk/resilience model(a) A lot of factors including risk & resilience factors that are present or absent(b) Risk factors increase the likelihood of media violence effecting aggressive behavior(i) Genetics, violent household, violent school(c) Studies that isolate certain factors to see how much each factors have an effects(d) We do what we can to control factorsleading to scapegoat the media because this is a risk factor that can be controlledg) A Model Of Human Aggressioni) **behavior with an intent to harm**(1) Start as an external act(2) Decide an intent of the act(a) Provocationviolence still a possible outcome(b) Not Provocation violence not an outcome(3) Provocation: Generation of choice and response(a) Violence response possible violent outcome(b) Non-violent response no violent outcome(4) Evaluation of Choice [if the choice was violent response](a) Appropriate leads to act violently(b) Not-appropriate no violent act(5) Aggression occursii) Violent behavior peaks at the age of 2(1) 1 out of 3 interactions end in violence(a) Lack of perceptual skills(i) Violence is innate and primitive(b) Are not going to evaluate their