EASC 160gm 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. China’s Involvement in Africa (short overview)a. ZambiaII. Movie Screening: When China Met AfricaOutline of Current Lecture I. Overview of China’s involvement in AfricaII. Major QuestionsIII. History: Shared PastIV. Mao Eraa. Cold War alignmentsb. Case StudiesV. Models of developmentVI. Involvement in SudanVII. Migrant Laborers Current LectureChina influences around the globeCase study: AfricaStereotype in images → China is taking over AfricaWhy do we care?China’s investment and involvement in Africa has grown enormously over the last decade1. What is driving China’s involvement?- securing resources: China has a lack of resources for their huge population, Africa has the natural resources they need- history of diplomatic importance (60s and 70s)- trade2. What are the effects on Africans? on the Chinese?3. Are there important human rights issues at stake?- pariah regimes: Sudan4. How are US interests affected?5. What are the mechanisms of Chinese aid and development in Africa?6. What might Chinese-African relations tell us about the world today that we need to know?How can we approach this huge topic?- historically- news reports- regional configurations, regional relationshipsWhat’s the history of China’s involvement with Africa? Does this shape conditions today?What are the key factors? (resource extraction, military support, diplomatic initiatives, migration, trade, cultural exchange, development projects)Who are the key players?a. major countriesb. bank, institutions within the countryc. central government, provincial governmentsd. enterprises (state-owned)- don’t necessarily follow central government mandatee. tensions between investors and priorities of governmentsf. businesses (looking at return on investment)g. migrantsh. citizensWho are the winners and losers?Are there ways to think about the continent’s 50 nations (by regions. political system, resources)that can help clarify or organize our analysis?Reminder: We must keep US involvements in Africa in mid for the sake of perspective and comparisonsDevelopmental AidWhy does any country get involved in aid and development activities in foreign countries?- humanitarian concerns- propagation of values (free enterprise, democracy, socialism, economic systems)Why is the US, IMF, or World Bank involved in development and investment projects in Africa?What is the difference between trade and aid?A few bits of history:- 50 years ago, China was as poor as Africa- history between the two in the sense of how did China get to economic prosperity so fastShared ancient past1. Zheng He’s voyages as peaceful meeting of people2. China exploration is symbolic3. friendy encountersShare colonial pasto British General Gordon suppressed righteous rebels in both China and Sudan in 19th century (way of bonding) suppressed Taiping Rebellion in China- Communist history: Taiping rebellion was a peasant uprising that failed- Taipings are righteous rebels- Gordon is brought in as an evil lackey of colonial power in Sudan- gets killed by an uprisingo both countries were colonized at one pointo similar historical experienceso preyed upon, threaten by colonial powersChina in Africa: Mao era 1950s-1970s- context: Africa in the process of struggles for independence, decolonization often rips uproots of developmento Africa was divvied up in the Berlin Conferenceo spheres of influenceCold War Alignments: How are countries trying to secure influence in Africa?WEST- World Bank and IMF lending to cement ties with West/US Theory behind World Bank loans- development, based on key projects (roads, dams, “green revolution”) will “lift all boats”and reap future profits and increased trade- Aid was packaged as a loanCHINA- Bandung Afro-Asian summit- 5 principles: peaceful coexistence, respect, mutual benefit, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs (interesting ramifications for China’s involvement in othercountries)- If you deal with Taiwan, don’t deal with us- Taiwan has a seat on the UN Security Council- China is one of the poorest nations in the worldMore on the Mao Erao 1960 was China’s first big aid project to Guinea Chinese advisor would live by a standard “not exceeding that of personnelof same rank in Republic of Guinea”- big contrast to Western development schemes gave 25 million oil press factory, match and cigarette factory, “Peoples Palace” President Toure greeted by 200,000 in Tiananmen 1964: Zhou Enlai Africa tour: 10 countries, $125 million in aid: Ghana, Mali, Congo, Tanzania, Kenyao Wooing Support away from Taiwan 1958: 3 countries recognize PRC, dip during the Cultural Revolution, 1971:23 countries recognize PRC By 1978 China had aid programs in more African countries than the US Diplomatically speaking China’s aid program is quite successfulo Tanzania President Nyere visited China 13 times negatives- relocated farmers to cooperative Ujamma villages → destroyed agriculture positives- Tanzam-railroad: 1970-75- great success in building, but ends up losing money for decades- but not very profitable and needed to be subsidized- needed to be restructured in the 90s 1980s: change in tone from IMF and World Bank- end of importation of ideological socialism- Deng’s reformsStructural adjustment becomes main code of development- targeting specific projects does not seem to be working so wello Theory: corruption, inefficiency are at the root of povertyo Response: put strict terms on IMF loans to force receiving governments to put their house in order- get rid of tariffs- impose austerity policies- liberalize markets- “must we starve our children to pay our debts?” (Nyerere)In China…- a different experience as recipient of aid from Japan in return for technical training, equipment (often second quality compared to the West) and financing- Japan gets access to resources- by 1979, Japan had signed onto 74 projects with China, all of which involved investment paid back in oilIs there a Chinese model of development/foreign aid? Western model: investment and involvement in Africa through 4 main mechanisms1. state aid (usually short term needs)2. IMF or World Bank projects: mainly structural adjustment models3. private corporate investment- Shell, Chevron: deal directly with African governments- US doesn’t play