EASC 160gm 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Summary of main points from Wills’ lectureII. Opium TradeIII. Other important tradesIV. Video on Opium TradeOutline of Current Lecture I. Recap of Opium WarII. China Overseas/China BridgeIII. Migration and ImmigrationCurrent LectureRecap Opium War- Commissioner Lin Zexu arrives in Canton (1838)o Confiscates British opiumo First Opium War (1840-1842): British gunboats decimate Chinese defenseso Treaty of Nanking/Unequal Treaties (1842) Indemnity Most Favored nation clause Tariff limits: you don’t get to decide Treaty ports and Hong Kong Extraterritoriality No resolution of opium problem- Second Opium War/Arrow War (1856-1860)o Opium legalizedo Legation established in Beijingo Emigration allowedo 10 more treaty ports openedo Missionary activity allowedMeanwhile…- Internal rebellions in 75% of Qing territory (1850s-70s)o Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864): South China, 20-30 million killed, Chinese man who keeps failing the civil service exams thinks he is the reincarnation of Jesus Christ’s younger brothero Nian Rebellion (1851-1868): in North Centralo Muslim Rebellions (1862-1873): in the Northwest Xinjian becomes a province in 1885: Confucianizing the periphery Area where Muslims live becomes required to follow Chinese customso Taiwan becomes a province in 1885 Opposite side of XinjianQuestion: Why, at opposite side of the Qing empire are territories being Confucianized?- Reason 1: Western/Japanese Colonialismo “Tribute System” confronts the Westphalian systemo Empire > Nation-stateo Sino-French War (1885) Conflict over domination of Vietnamo Sino-Japanese War (1895)  Conflict over domination of Koreao Scramble for Concessions (1895-1900) See map- Reason 2: Han Migration/Immigrationo Migration (domestic) and Immigration (to foreign lands) In many ways very similar Some cases domestic/foreign are hard to tell aparto Taiwan population: 1700s about 100,000, by 1818 about 1.9 milliono Manchuria and Mongolia: most cities are 80% Han by 1800so Why do people migrate? (19th century China) Push and pull factors- Push factor: wanting more land, searching for a livelihood- Pull factor: population pressure Sojourning in and out of China Officials: leaving home to serve in the provinces or capital Merchants: trade and markets- Huiguan: guilds for provincial sojourners Common folks: land and jobs Sending money home (remittances, plan to return) Sojourners are mostly maleo Han Chinese are spreading out to areas that Qing emperors did not permit them to entero Fujian: only 2 mu per capita in 1760so Internal migration always much greater than overseas  Sichuan population in 1722 about 2.3 million, in 1766 about 6 milliono Some globalizing forces effecting China also drive migration New crops, silver influxOverseas Chinese Migration: Historical OverviewsNanyang (Southeast Asia)- Maritime trade became important during the Southern Song (1127-1279)- Chinese commercial communities overseas (13th century)- Most Southeast Asian sojourners are Hokkien (from Fujian area)- Coming of European powerso 1511: Malacca (Portuguese)o 1571: Manila (Spanish)o British Straights settlements (Singapore) Free trade- Chinese merchants and tax farmerso Creolized communities: mixing cultures, intermarriage, languages, adopting local religious beliefso What is a tax farmer? A hired person to collect taxes, usually Chinese migrants/sojourners Interesting dynamic: have a certain power but not from the same area, ethnically the same but from a completely different community Foreign Chinese given a power that local Chinese do not haveChinese migration beyond Asia (19th century)- North, Central & Latin America, West Indies, Hawaii, Australia, Africa, etc…- Labor migration: the vast majority of Chinese migration from 1840 on What happens with labor migration?- Lots of Chinese are brought around the world for labor- Coolies and volunteer sojourning laborers from 1840 onwards- Filling the labor gap due to abolition of slavery and salve trade- 1866: allowing emigration to Britain and France- 1868: Burlingame Treaty allows free migration and stationing of consuls in the U.S.- Contrasts of SE Asia vs. Americas- 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act- From US perspective: Qing government looked down on Chinese who left imperial territory (Burlingame Treaty changes