Week 5 Fats and Lipids Lectures 12 13 14 Concepts Fatty acids saturated unsaturated cis trans melting point sources hydrogenation Prostaglandins and analgesics Wax ester Triacylglycerols triglycerides synthesis melting points fats and oils hydrogenation sources hydrolysis saponifiaction soaps Glycerophospholipids phosphate esters polarity Sphingolipids and cerbrosides Steroids cholesterol bile salts lipoproteins sex hormones corticosteroids anabolic steroids Cell membranes O A H O O B H O O C H O Ques 1 Which fatty acid capric acid C10 or stearic acid C18 will a be the most soluble in hexane Explain b have the highest melting point Ques 2 Use the following structures to answer the questions below D H CC H a Which fatty acid has the lowest melting point b Which fatty acid has the highest melting point c Which fatty acid is mostly of animal origin d Which fatty acid s is mostly of vegetable origin e Is the bond at arrow D cis or trans f Write the hydrogenation reaction for compound C g Before hydrogenation compound C is a solid or liquid at room temperature and after hydrogenation it is solid or liquid at room temperature Ques 4 Use the structures above to answer the questions below a Which structure represents the most unsaturated fatty acid b Which structure represents the fatty acid with the highest melting point c Which structure represents the fatty acid with the lowest melting point d Which structure represents the fatty acid which is able to add one mole of hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction e Which arrow shows the fatty acid with a cis alkene structure f Which arrow shows the fatty acid with a trans alkene structure Ques 5 Read the Health Notes on omega 3 fatty acids in fish oils and the Trans fatty Acids and hydrogenation Explain the general issues of partially hydrogenating oils to make things like margarine Relate to issue of why they would partially hydrogenate an oil what are the health issues with trans and cis fats and what are omega 3 fatty acids and how can they help Ques 6 Write the ester synthesis reaction to form a wax from a 30C alcohol and a 16 carbon fatty acid Ques 7 Write the ester synthesis reaction to form a triacylglycerol of glycerol and the fatty acids of myristic stearic and oleic Ques 8 Use the two structures above to answer the following questions a Which triglyceride is most likely of animal origin b Which triglyceride is most likely of vegetable origin c Which triglyceride is most likely to be a solid at room temperature d Which triglyceride is most likely a liquid at room temperature e Which triglyceride is can be made into a margarine by the hydrogenation reaction f Which triglyceride is can undergo the acid hydrolysis reaction O H C H O C 2C H O H H C C C HO C C H H O H H OC C 2C H Ques 9 a Write the basic hydrolysis or saponification reaction of the following triacylglycerol b What is the general name of the products form the basic hydrolysis reaction Contrast the property of the product with that of a fatty acid Ques 10 What is olestra a fat substitute How does it work What are the solubility issues with Vitamin A D E and K Why those vitamins but not others such a B and C Ques 11 Use the structures above to answer the following questions a Which structure is a wax b Which structure is a salt of a fatty acid and thus is a soap c Which is one of the structures that results from the basic hydrolysis or saponification of structure A using sodium hydroxide d Which other the structure besides structure A may undergo the basic hydrolysis or saponification using sodium hydroxide Ques 12 Use the structures above to answer the following questions a Which triglyceride is a phospholipid b Which triglyceride is a lecithin c Which triglyceride is a cephalin Ques 13 For the following compare and contrast structural components or parts lists Also give the function or use and any disease associated with missing enzymes Lecithin Cephalin Sphingolipid Cerebroside Ques 14 a Write the structure of cholesterol What functional groups are present b Compare and contrast the structures for the following Include differences in functional groups occurrence or uses Bile Salts with cholesterol Steroid hormones with each other of Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Norethindrone Adrenal Corticosteroids Cortisone with prednisone Anabolic Steroids Ques 15 Draw a cross section of a cell membrane and explain the function of each part Why are the tail of the phospholipids point into the center use polar and nonpolar What are the purpose of any carbohydrate or protein parts