AmidesAmide Synthesis13. Amide SynthesisSlide 4Slide 5Names of amidesAmides in healthSlide 8Hydrogen Bonding in AmidesHydrolysis of AmidesAcid Hydrolysis of AmidesAction of NeutrotransmittersAdrenergic NeurotransmittersAdrenergic Stimulants:Adrenergic Blocking Agents or AntagonistsMolecular vs. Ionic acid/base structureSlide 17Slide 18AmidesAmide Synthesis13. Amide Synthesis•Amine plus carboxylic acid --> amide + HOHNH2H3CCCH3OHO+NHH3CHCCH3OOHHOHCCH3ONHH3CCCH3ONHH3CH2O+AmidesAmidesNames of amidesAmides in healthAmides in healthHydrogen Bonding in AmidesHydrolysis of Amides•Amide plus HOH --> amine + carboxylic acidCCH2ONHH3C CH3H2O+HOHCCH2OOH CH3NHH3CHAcid Hydrolysis of Amides•Amide plus HOH --> amine + carboxylic acid•2nd step: neutralize amine with acidCCH2ONHH3C CH3H2O+HOHCCH2OOH CH3NHH3CHHClH ClNHH3CHH+Cl-Action of Neutrotransmitters•1. NT released; 2. NT interacts w/receptor;•3 or 4. NT released; 5 NT restored or synthesizedAdrenergic NeurotransmittersAdrenergic Stimulants:•Bronchodilators and Nasal Decongestants:Adrenergic Blocking Agents or Antagonists•Antihypertensive drugsMolecular vs. Ionic acid/base structure•Acids:•Equilibrium: HA <=> H+ + A-• Form: molecular ionic•If excess H+, shift left to molecular HA•If excess OH -, shift right because H+ is neutralized as HOH - this forms the ionic A-Molecular vs. Ionic acid/base structure•Bases:•Equilibrium: B + HOH <=> BH+ + OH-• Form: molecular ionic •If excess H+, shift right to ionic BH+ because OH- is neutralized as HOH - this forms the ionic BH+ •If excess OH -, shift left to form the molecular BMolecular vs. Ionic acid/base structure• -> -> Increasing pH -> ->• pH << pK << pH •Acids: HA molecular A- ionic•Bases: BH+ ionic B molecular•Example: acetic acid - pKa = 4.7• at pH 2 = molecular• at pH 10 = ionic •Ques. 19: phenobarbitol (acid) - pKa = 7.2•At pH 7.4 about half ionic, half molecular - more soluble in lipid layer•At pH 8.0 more in the ionic form and more insoluble in lipid
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