Test 2 Notes Socialization how you ve been conditioned by world around you to be male or female Gender how you identify a person as masculine or feminine concept of sex Gender Socialization self fulfilling prophecies institutional discrimination glass ceilings o Exs Clothes toys body language education boys geared towards math and science bathrooms religion how to behave in society economy what type of jobs amount of money Marx would agree peer groups playground from young age feral children unsocialized children gender doesn t equal sex people use the word gender when they mean sex Gender Constructionism things that construct gender o History Biology gender ideals change what s normal masculinity and femininity has changed SETS LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES o Social Structure WORK ECONOMY LAW POLITICS etc o Socialization LEARNING GENDER FROM PARENTS AND OTHER AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION HELPS ESTABLISH SELF FULFILLING PROPHECIES AND GENDER IDEOLOGIES o Culture Different culture tells women and men that they have different roles those roles depend on your culture Family shapes masculinity and femininity MESSAGING AND IMAGES ESTABLISHES HEGEMONIC STANDARDS FOR MEN AND WOMEN Toy ads kitchen set with mom girl and teddy bear Grillin set with boy standing above sitting girl Boy toys space manipulation Girl toys peek a boo pole expectations feminine colors materialistic things appearance related Action figures vs Dolls Baby X study same baby w boy and girl outfit on was treated differently depending on the outfit Inequality o Institutional Discrimination Not individual discrimination systems within institutions that perpetuate gender inequality o Glass Ceiling upper limit on how far women can go on their jobs o Glass Escalator men in feminine positions are promoted more quickly than women in the same jobs Gender Essentialism women and men are based on inherent biological information from past Sociologists reject this o Ahistorical gender roles have changed through time and biology has not Therefore gender essentialism is not possible o Political We perpetuate the status quo if we say men are better at math and science Hegemony dominance of a group that is important and people who do not benefit from hegemonic still follow those ideals Means dominance of one group over another Hegemony and the reason we don t simply say dominance is because hegemony describes a condition where the subordinate group is dependent upon the powerful group and in some way buys into the criteria of judgment or the culture set forth by the majority group o Hegemonic Femininity proana modeling Killing Us Softly 4 o Hegemonic Masculinity steroids the birdcage clip gender as a social construction clip cont robin williams plays man who lives with another man and they re in a relationship There is a son Family is not fond of gay people Coaching how to be masculine Social construction we learn how to be masculine feminine gender norms socialization process of social learning Humans learn how to behave and act through socialization Socialization occurs throughout the course of a human s life gender socialization learning to fulfill the cultural expectations of manhood and womanhood Sociologists show how gender socialization contributes to sex inequality btw men and women through the creation of self fulfilling prophecies Multiple approaches to study gender sex and sexuality Sociologists often focus on inequality and power differences btw men and women Sociologists often study these inequalities with a social constructionist framework Social constructionist framework doesn t see gender as the simple or inevitable fulfillment of biological genetic or evolutionary drives Instead different components of our society produce and come to an agreement about what it means to act and live as a real man or a real woman Different components of our society construct gender Socialization constructs gender Agents of socialization parents guardians teachers peers media etc Culture constructs gender watching movies and wanting to be as thin as Kristen stewart or as muscular as taylor lautner advertising that associates femininity with thinness Social structure constructs gender wage gaps ratio of men to women in congress 9 10 on ppt sociological approach to understanding gender and sex differences differs from the gender essentialism Gender essentialism explains sex and gender as a product of evolutionary drives genetics and brain chemistry Flower metaphor captures some of the truth about biological arguments of gender and it is also flexible Baseline biology Sociologists argue against gender essentialism they don t like biological factors Ahistorical doesn t factor in history Dumb to history Barbie typical looks direct realistic and sensible response to the desire of men to mate with women who look like her There is evolutionary logic behind each of these features Gender essentialism is political don t need to be studying if correct CLICKER Q best describes arlie hochschild s research methods She interviewed 50 couples and observed a dozen homes to understand how couples divided household labor CLICKER Q How do sociologists define gender cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity Gender Ideology many examples femininity domesticity whore virgin Holts mrs Egalitarian mr transitional Gender strategies upstairs downstairs myth withholding sex dog care Delacortes mrs Traditional mr traditional Social structure working class traditional upbringing she needs to work Gender strategies calculated incompetence myth of frank does little around the house Leisure gap extra month of work out of the year that women do and men don t The social construction of sexuality o Chauncey trade fairies o Herdt the Sambia o Humphreys trade ambisexual gay closet queen The Stonewall Riot 1969 frequent raids on bars populated by gays lesbians Stigma attached to being gay or lesbian so people cowered Death of Judy Garland days before stonewall and drag queens dressed as Judy Garland around Stonewall Seen as beginning of modern gay lesbian movement Still brought up in contemporary gay lesbian marches etc Before Stonewall o George Chauncey Gay New York gay dark ages Historian at university of Chicago His book says as time passes things get better For gays lesbians more of a wait Says that thinking of gays lesbians before or after stonewall is wrong There are subcultures Gay life integrated into everyday lives of people in cities o The myth of invisibility before
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