Gender =/ sexA lot of people use the term “gender” when they really mean “sex”We’re not born with genderElements that construct gender:History and biologySocial structureSocializationCultureHistory and biology- sets limits and possibilities (pg. 41 diagram)Constructions of gender change overtime19th century boys and girls wore dressesHegemonic masculinity- dominant definition of masculinityDominance of one group over anotherSubordinate group dependent on powerful groupTo be a real man is to not act like a woman in any wayGender essentialismSex determines gender rolesBrain chemistry all men shareChemistry all women shareReproductive strategies nailed into usProgrammed drive that creates instinctsGender essentialism is ahistorical- doesn’t take change over time into considerationSocialization and genderWhat does gender socialization do?Self-fulfilling propheciesSocialization- norms, customs, and practicesPeople become skilled in the way of their cultureWolf boyUncivilizedContemporary example of feral (unsocialized children)Pick things up through osmosisLearn how they fit in the worldHighly socialized- “psych”Can fake being a psychic because able to pick up on cues and pay attention to detailGender socialization- the way society parts male/female; internalize norms and act on them in everyday situationOccurs the moment you are brought into the worldParents describe their 6th and 8th grade sons as having more natural talent in science and mathSelf-fulfilling prophecyProphecy- creates the realityEnforces notionsInstitutional discrimination- discrimination created by little institutional barriers that add upRuth vs. Robert studySubtle bias that add up to lasting forms of discriminationGlass ceiling- invisible differences offer litter opportunity for advancement.A gender ideology: “feminity=domesticity”“women are naturally domestic”“Gender roles fall away when they no longer make sense”Holts:Social structureMiddle classEmploymentOpportunities for NancyGender strategyUpstairs/downstairs mythPassive resistanceDog careWith holding sexGender ideologiesMrs. EgalitarianMr. TranisitonalUnhappy married couple, particularly Nancy“emotion work”Evan is lazy constraintSeries of compromises that allow her to retain identity as feminine/egalitarianStill unequalNancy->upstairsEvan->downstairs workEvan didn’t learn how to do laundrySealed fateDelacortesSocial structureWorking classTraditional upbringingShe needs to workGender strategiesCalculated incompetenceMyth of “frank does little around house”Gender ideologiesMrs. TraditionalMr. traditionalCarmen still worksFrank does more houseworkNo correspondence between gender ideology and how they actually live their livesAgencySexuality- realm of sexual desireConstruction“born with”, predispositions; biological triggers or tendenciesThe social construction of sexualityThe stonewall riot (1969)George Chauncey (Gay New York)Raided Gay bars; names published in papersPolice action had real world effects“watershed” momentgay men isolated before raidThe myth of invisibility- hide from sexualityvery visibleThe myth of isolation- hide from communityout in communityThe myth of the closet- 1960’s; wearing up or down (hair)coming out had different meaningformally presented at Drag BallContemporary gay visibilityno longer hiding from dominant culture20’s and 30’s- gays part of another social groupstraight culture had fascinations with gay cultureattended drag ballsYMCA became big from 1915-1930’sPlace where people would meetGay meeting placeMeet for sexCloset invented in1930’sState built closet and forced people to hide in itMore tolerant prewar yearsStonewall as cultural touchstoneGay activist alliance founded after riotGay liberation front*Mattachine society- 1950disabled in 1987heteronormality- heterosexuality is the normgay character is the jokecontemporary gay visibilityshows with gay characters1980’sbacklash- 20’sChauncey- trade/fairiesHumphreys: trade, ambisexual, gay, closet queensWomen never confront husbandsQueer eye and drag ballGender essentials disagree- male dominancesA social constructionWhat does the term “the Second shift refer to?Coming home after a day of paid work to doing domestic workUsually women work the second shiftsWhat does Hochschild mean by the term “stalled revolution”?There has been a revolution in paid workStalled because women are still expected to do domestic workWhat are hochschild’s three gender ideologies and what do they mean?Traditional- man does paid work; woman stays at home; domestic work; “bread winner model”Transitional- man still does paid work, still doesn’t do domestic work; woman does paid work and domestic workEgalitarian- men and women are equal in terms of paid work and domestic workWhat is gender essentialism and why sociologists argue against it?Sex determines gender rolesProgrammed drive that creates instinctsSociologists argue against it because it doesn’t account for change over timeWhat is socialization?Norms; customs, practices; people become skilled in the way of their cultureGive two examples of gender socialization1. Blue and pink and colors that are specifically for boys and girls2. Boys are expected to play with G.I. Joe; girls expected to play with BarbiesWhat are hegemonic gender norms?Dominance of one group over anotherSubordinate group is dependent on powerful groupCommon senseHow might hegemonic norms be dangerous for men and women?The dominant group becomes the norm, not allowing the subordinate group to become a vital part of societyWhat is the different between sex and gender?Sex are biological differences -> male; femaleGender is the social and cultural differencesSomething you doNorms; practicesMasculine; feminineWhat do bronies have to do with gender?They have challenged gender normsRedefining what is masculineClass Notes 03/10/2013Gender =/ sex- A lot of people use the term “gender” when they really mean “sex”We’re not born with genderElements that construct gender:- History and biology- Social structure- Socialization- CultureHistory and biology- sets limits and possibilities (pg. 41 diagram)Constructions of gender change overtime- 19th century boys and girls wore dressesHegemonic masculinity- dominant definition of masculinity- Dominance of one group over anothero Subordinate group dependent on powerful groupTo be a real man is to not act like a woman in any wayGender essentialism- Sex determines gender