The Second ShiftPreface• Arlie Russell Hochschild - sociology professor• in increasing numbers women have gone into the workforce, but very few have gone very high up in it• this is because men do not share the raising of their children and the caring for their homesIntroduction• since the publication of this book, the proportion of couples who both have jobs has increasedChapter 1: A Speed-up in the Family• more mothers than non-mothers are in the workforce• Alexander Szalai - conducted a national random sample in 1965-66 of 1,243 working parents in 44 American cities - documented the alarming story of theworking woman's "double day"• women averaged 3 hrs/day on housework, men 17 min/day• women spent 50 min/day exclusively with their children, men 12 min/day• men watched television an hour longer than their wives• men slept a half hour longer than their wives• over a year, women worked an extra month of 24 hour days then men• studies show that working mothers have higher self-esteem and get less depressed than housewives, but compared to their husbands, they're more tired andget sick more often• My Research • research associates - Anne Machung & Elaine Kaplan• Hochschild and her research associates interviewed 50 couples intensively and observed a dozen homes• also talked to their neighbors, friends, their children's teachers, day-care workers, baby-sitters & to other men and women who were not part of two-jobcouples• Inside the Extra Month a Year• the first shift = your actual job, the second shift= caring for your children and home• women more often do two things at once• working wives spend relatively more time "mothering the house", husbands spend more time "mothering" the children• more men than women take their children on "fun" outings• women spend more time on maintenance, such as feeding and bathing children• men do fewer of the "undesirable" household chores• women are more often the lightning rods for family aggression aroused by the speed-up of work and family lifeChapter 2: Marriage in the Stalled Revolution• women are departing more from their mothers' and grandmothers' way of life, men are doing so less• The Top and Bottom of Gender Ideology• a gender strategy is a plan of action through which a person tries to solve problems at hand, given the cultural notions of gender at play• a woman's gender ideology determines what sphere she wants to identify with (home or work) and how much power in the marriage she wants to have• 3 types of ideology of marital roles• traditional• wants to identify with her activities at home• wants her husband to base his identity on work• wants less power than him• traditional man wants the same• egalitarian• wants to identify with the same spheres her husband does• have an equal amount of power in the marriage• transitional• between traditional and egalitarian• wants to identify with her role at work as well as home• believes husband should base his identity more on work than she does• wants to identify both with the caring for the home and with helping her husband earn money, but wants her husband to focus on earning a living• Gender Strategies• when a man tries to apply his gender ideology to the situations that face him in real life, unconsciously, or not he pursues a gender strategy• gender strategies are the basic dynamic of marriage• Family Myths• family myths - versions of reality that obscure a core truth in order to manage a family tensionChapter 4: Joey's Problem: Nancy and Evan Holt:• The Holt family:• Evan & Nancy = husband and wife for 7 years• son = Joey• Nancy• social worker• thought she should enjoy her work and find it important• Mrs. Egalitarian• "ardent feminist"• wants a similar balance of spheres and equal power• considered 50% of the second shift as Evan's rightful job and found it hard to feel grateful for any less• wasn't like her mother• her mother hadn't gone to college, never had a professional job, and didn't believe women could be equal to their husbands. • Evan• warehouse furniture salesman• Mr. Transitional• fine with Nancy having a career as long as she can handle the family too• similar to his father• both went to college and work was important to their identity• felt the same way about family roles• Joey• has a difficult time getting to sleep• strongly attached to Nancy, sees little of Evan• Behind the Footsteps• Initially Nancy was absorbing far more of the second shift than Evan• Evan had more leisure time than Nancy• Nancy tried to put in place a dinner schedule• each were in charge of 3 dinner a week and would share or go out Sunday• Evan continually forgot it was his turn• Evan didn't believe her personal decision to work outside the home should cause him to do more inside it• fear that if they shared the second shift she would dominate him• feared that Nancy was avoiding taking care of him• Nancy started withholding sex• The idea of separating arose• Upstairs-Downstairs: A Family Myth as " Solution"• lessening of tension over the second shift after the separation crisis• Nancy was in charge of upstairs, Evan was in charge of downstairs• downstairs meant the garage, also in charge of the dog• this system was a "family myth"Chapter 5: The Family Myth of the Traditional: Frank and Carmen Delacorte:• The Delacorte Family:• Frank and Carmen = husband and wife for 6 years• daughter = delia• Frank• Mr. Traditional• more traditional views on men and women than Evan Holt• man should be the head of the house and have the final say• factory worker• needed Carmen to work to provide income• Carmen• Mrs. Traditional• wanted Frank to be the man of the house and have the final say• thought she should feel grateful for whatever extra help Frank gave around the house• wanted Frank to know more than she did• Day-care Worker• "We'll need my salary but I won't rub it in• thought she should dislike her work and feel it as unimportant• did not work because she wanted toChapter 8: A Scarcity of Gratitude: Seth and Jessica Stein:• The Stein Family:• Seth and Jessica = husband and wife for 11 years• 2 sons = Victor and Walter• both lawyers - wrapped up in their work• Seth• his job came before Jessica's job• his job came before his kids• addicted to his work• Jessica• began with an egalitarian