Test 1 Notes- Sociology is the study of human groups- 5 rules of social networks:o we shape our networko our network shapes uso our friends affect uso our friends’ friends’ friends affect uso the network has a life of its own- dyad: a social connection between two people- hyperdyadic spread: the tendency of effects to spread from person to person to person, beyond an individual’s direct social ties- contagion: what and how things spread across our network (smoking, obesity, suicide)- 3 degrees of influence rule: everything we do or say tends to ripple through our network, having an impact on our friends (1 deg), our friends’ friends (2 deg), and our friends’ friends’ friends (3 deg). No longer influences after 3 degrees because of:o evolution – sociologists don’t like this explanation because its biological and not socialo network instability – people and connections change all the timeo intrinsic decay – info changes and becomes unreliable after a certain number of people- 6 degrees of separation rule: we can connect to anyone in the world by six degrees. - transitivity: how interconnected friends are or relationship when all involved,form a triangleo high transitivity: deep within a single groupo low transitivity: bridge between different groups connect by people who do not know each other- social capital: quality of one’s social network- 15% more happy at 1 degree, 10% more happy at 2 degrees, 6% more happy at 3 degrees, and an unhappy friend reduces happiness by 7%.- Groups become social structures by pecking orders and transitivity- Structure: outside forces that enable or constrain individuals to act. (economy, law, government)- Agency: condition of being in action; operation… or… the means or mode of acting instrumentality. Capacity to act or free will- Agent: one that acts or has the authority to act.- Relationship of structure & agency: one structures the other. Agency exists because of structure. - Dialectic: the Hegelian process of change in which a concept or its realization passes over into and is preserved and fulfilled by its opposite.- We shape our networko We determine how many people we are connected too We influence the density of interconnections between friends and familyo We control how central we are within the network (life of the party or a wallflower?)- in connected, a social network is different from a group of people because: it requires a specific set of connections among people in the group- in connected, social and emotional connections led to the conclusion that: unhappy people tend to be at the edge of a social network- in connected, MPI: has been recorded in a number of societies, symptoms spread through highly connected communities, and the physical cause of symptoms are rarely found- ways our network affects us:o emotional contagion – how emotion spreads through network (happiness, loneliness, and love)- Culture: shared meaning embodied in form or practiceo Culture can be source of social consensus or social conflicto Culture seems personal and individualistic, but sociologists show how culture connects to social groups and the divisions among them & tastes correlate with membership in social groupso Culture creates and reflects social solidarityo Culture creates and reflects social conflict and social boundarieso Elements of culture: producers, consumers, historical and social context, and the cultural objecto- disliked music by culture “snobs”: country, rap, gospel, and heavy metal- Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) 1 founding father of sociologyo Social solidarity: what holds groups togethero Collective conscience: widespread moral feeling or moral values of thepublico Anomie: being separate, outside, not integrated by social normso Mechanical solidarity: comes from peers or people in a group. Different practices and experiences needed to maintain a groupo Organic solidarity: depending on others for their roles in life.o Functionalism: everything that happens in society has a place or a function- Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) Other Founding Father of Sociologyo Social conflict: Economy drives EVERYTHING. based off of ethnicity, class, region, gender, and religiono Class hierarchy: top – owners (bourgeoisie), middle – small business owners (petite bourgeoisie), bottom – workers (proletariat)o Theory of History: primitive accumulation – master/slave  feudalism – lords/serfs  capitalism bourgeouisie/proletariat  socialism… inevitable and predictable, however, people aren’t trying tochange structure and capitalism seems to be sticking aroundo Theory of Capital: Labor Theory of Value: when you work, you should be paid for value of product, in capitalism you don’t make the amount of money worth the product made. It isn’t today, how Marx viewed it should be.o Theory of Culture: Base – mode of production, feudalism, capitalism, socialism & superstructure – art, media, government, ideologyo Exploitation/alienationo Stratification: o Social classes are achieved to some extent rather than ascribed at birtho Classes are fluid- Anotonio Gramsce (1891 – 1937)o Hegemony: dominant ideology that is normal, ruling class decides what is normal.o Gramsce described the concept of class struggle by “trench warfare”- Theodor Adornoo The Frankfort Schoolo “postmodern”: historical epoch, style or aesthetic expression, type of theory or philosophyo believed that relationship between economy and society more complex than marx believedo believed that mass culture crushes our capacity for human agency- Pierre Bourdieu (1930 – 2002)o Economic capitalo Social capital:o Cultural capital: distinctions are arbitrary and change over timeo Economic and cultural capital go hand in hando Habitus: natural process by which distinctions are made, or developing one’s own personal “taste” formed from capital configurationo Symbolic power: power to designate things and practices high or low cultural capital, power derived from one’s capital configurationo Capital Conversion: converting one type of capital to another type of capital- Durkheim’s card game: Gin Rummy or Go Fish because everyone can participate and feel like they’re part of a group. We all play by the same rules- Marx’s card game: Blackjack or any other casino game because the house (capitalists) always win, despite players’ occasional big victory. Eventually players (proletariat) will be too poor to play. - Bourdieu’s card game: